Control Flow and Data Flow: Concepts of Distributed Programming


Book Description

In a time of multiprocessor machines, message switching networks and process control programming tasks, the foundations of programming distributed systems are among the central challenges for computing sci enti sts. The foundati ons of di stributed programming compri se all the fasci nating questions of computing science: the development of adequate com putational , conceptual and semantic model s for distributed systems, specification methods, verification techniques, transformation rules, the development of suitable representations by programming languages, evaluation and execution of programs describing distributed systems. Being the 7th in a series of ASI Summer Schools at Marktoberdorf, these lectures concentrated on distributed systems. Already during the previous Summer School s at Marktoberdorf aspects of di stributed systems were important periodical topics. The rising interest in distributed systems, their design and implementation led to a considerable amount of research in this area. This is impressively demonstrated by the broad spectrum of the topics of the papers in this vol ume, although they are far from being comprehensive for the work done in the area of distributed systems. Distributed systems are extraordinarily complex and allow many distinct viewpoints. Therefore the literature on distributed systems sometimes may look rather confusing to people not working in the field. Nevertheless there is no reason for resignation: the Summer School was able to show considerable convergence in ideas, approaches and concepts for distributed systems.




The Organization of Reduction, Data Flow, and Control Flow Systems


Book Description

In light of research over the last decade on new ways of representing and performing computations, this book provides a timely reexamination of computer organization and computer architecture. It systematically investigates the basic organizational concepts of reduction, data flow, and control flow (or state transition) and their relationship to the underlying programming paradigms. For each of these concepts, Kluge looks at how princip1es of language organization translate into architectures and how architectural features translate into concrete system implementations, comparing them in order to identify their similarities and differences. The focus is primarily on a functional programming paradigm based on a full-fledged operational &-calculus and on its realization by various reduction systems. Kluge first presents a brief outline of the overall configuration of a computing system and of an operating system kernel, introduce elements of the theory of Petrinets as modeling tools for nonsequential systems and processes, and use a simple form of higher-order Petri nets to identify by means of examples the operational and control disciplines that govern the organization of reduction, data flow, and control flow computations. He then introduces the notions of abstract algorithms and of reductions and includes an overview of the theory of the &-calculus. The next five chapters describe the various computing engines that realize the reduction semantics of a full-fledged &-calculus. The remaining chapters provide self-contained investigations of the G-machine, SKI combinator reduction, and the data flow approach for implementing the functional programming paradigm. This is followed by a detailed description of a typical control flow (or von Neumann) machine architecture (a VAX11 system). Properties of these machines are summarized in the concluding chapter, which classifies them according to the semantic models they support.







Concurrency 88


Book Description

This volume contains the proceedings of CONCURRENCY 88, an international conference on formal methods for distributed systems, held October 18-19, 1988 in Hamburg. CONCURRENCY 88 responded to great interest in the field of formal methods as a means of mastering the complexity of distributed systems. In addition, the impulse was determined by the fact that the various methodological approaches, such as constructive or property oriented methods, have not had an extensive comparative analysis nor have they been investigated with respect to their possible integration and their practical implications. The following topics were addressed: Specification Languages, Models for Distributed Systems, Verification and Validation, Knowledge Based Protocol Modeling, Fault Tolerance, Distributed Databases. The volume contains 12 invited papers and 14 contributions selected by the program committee. They were presented by authors from Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States.




Distributed Programming


Book Description

Distributed Programming: Theory and Practice presents a practical and rigorous method to develop distributed programs that correctly implement their specifications. The method also covers how to write specifications and how to use them. Numerous examples such as bounded buffers, distributed locks, message-passing services, and distributed termination detection illustrate the method. Larger examples include data transfer protocols, distributed shared memory, and TCP network sockets. Distributed Programming: Theory and Practice bridges the gap between books that focus on specific concurrent programming languages and books that focus on distributed algorithms. Programs are written in a "real-life" programming notation, along the lines of Java and Python with explicit instantiation of threads and programs. Students and programmers will see these as programs and not "merely" algorithms in pseudo-code. The programs implement interesting algorithms and solve problems that are large enough to serve as projects in programming classes and software engineering classes. Exercises and examples are included at the end of each chapter with on-line access to the solutions. Distributed Programming: Theory and Practice is designed as an advanced-level text book for students in computer science and electrical engineering. Programmers, software engineers and researchers working in this field will also find this book useful.




Control Flow and Data Flow


Book Description




Technology-Based Learning Environments


Book Description

The present volume contains a large number of the papers contributed to the Advanced Study Institute on the Psychological and Educational Foundations of Technology-Based Learning Environments, which took place in Crete in the summer of 1992. The purpose of the Advanced Study Institute was to bring together a small number of senior lecturers and advanced graduate students to investigate and discuss the psychological and educational foundations of technology-based learning environments and to draw the implications of recent research findings in the area of cognitive science for the development of educational technology. As is apparent from the diverse nature of the contributions included in this volume, the participants at the ASI came from different backgrounds and looked at the construction of technology -based learning environments from rather diverse points of view. Despite the diversity, a surprising degree of overlap and agreement was achieved. Most of the contributors agreed that the kinds of technology-supported learning environments we should construct should stimulate students to be active and constructive in their knowledge-building efforts, embed learning in meaningful and authentic activities, encourage collaboration and social interaction, and take into consideration students' prior knowledge and beliefs.




From Statistics to Neural Networks


Book Description

The NATO Advanced Study Institute From Statistics to Neural Networks, Theory and Pattern Recognition Applications took place in Les Arcs, Bourg Saint Maurice, France, from June 21 through July 2, 1993. The meeting brought to gether over 100 participants (including 19 invited lecturers) from 20 countries. The invited lecturers whose contributions appear in this volume are: L. Almeida (INESC, Portugal), G. Carpenter (Boston, USA), V. Cherkassky (Minnesota, USA), F. Fogelman Soulie (LRI, France), W. Freeman (Berkeley, USA), J. Friedman (Stanford, USA), F. Girosi (MIT, USA and IRST, Italy), S. Grossberg (Boston, USA), T. Hastie (AT&T, USA), J. Kittler (Surrey, UK), R. Lippmann (MIT Lincoln Lab, USA), J. Moody (OGI, USA), G. Palm (U1m, Germany), B. Ripley (Oxford, UK), R. Tibshirani (Toronto, Canada), H. Wechsler (GMU, USA), C. Wellekens (Eurecom, France) and H. White (San Diego, USA). The ASI consisted of lectures overviewing major aspects of statistical and neural network learning, their links to biological learning and non-linear dynamics (chaos), and real-life examples of pattern recognition applications. As a result of lively interactions between the participants, the following topics emerged as major themes of the meeting: (1) Unified framework for the study of Predictive Learning in Statistics and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs); (2) Differences and similarities between statistical and ANN methods for non parametric estimation from examples (learning); (3) Fundamental connections between artificial learning systems and biological learning systems.




Cooperation: Game-Theoretic Approaches


Book Description

Issues relating to the emergence, persistence, and stability of cooperation among social agents of every type are widely recognized to be of paramount importance. They are also analytically difficult and intellectually challenging. This book, arising from a NATO Advanced Study Institute held at SUNY in 1994, is an up-to-date presentation of the contribution of game theory to the subject. The contributors are leading specialists who focus on the problem from the many different angles of game theory, including axiomatic bargaining theory, the Nash program of non-cooperative foundations, game with complete information, repeated and sequential games, bounded rationality methods, evolutionary theory, experimental approaches, and others. Together they offer significant progress in understanding cooperation.




Mathematical Modelling Courses for Engineering Education


Book Description

As the role of the modern engineer is markedly different from that of even a decade ago, the theme of engineering mathematics educa tion (EME) is an important one. The need for mathematical model ling (MM) courses and consideration of the educational impact of computer-based technology environments merit special attention. This book contains the proceeding of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop held on this theme in July 1993. We have left the industrial age behind and have entered the in formation age. Computers and other emerging technologies are penetrating society in depth and gaining a strong influence in de termining how in future society will be organised, while the rapid change of information requires a more qualified work force. This work force is vital to high technology and economic competitive ness in many industrialised countries throughout the world. Within this framework, the quality of EME has become an issue. It is expected that the content of mathematics courses taught in schools of engineering today have to be re-evaluated continuously with regard to computer-based technology and the needs of mod ern information society. The main aim of the workshop was to pro vide a forum for discussion between mathematicians, engineering scientists, mathematics educationalists, and courseware develop ers in the higher education sector and to focus on the issues and problems of the design of more relevant and appropriate MM courses for engineering education.