Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher :
Page : 180 pages
File Size : 49,33 MB
Release : 2001
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN :
Simple text and photographs introduce the life of George Washington Carver.
Author : Michele Laraia
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 857 pages
File Size : 13,24 MB
Release : 2012-02-21
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 0857095331
Once a nuclear installation has reached the end of its safe and economical operational lifetime, the need for its decommissioning arises. Different strategies can be employed for nuclear decommissioning, based on the evaluation of particular hazards and their attendant risks, as well as on the analysis of costs of clean-up and waste management. This allows for decommissioning either soon after permanent shutdown, or perhaps a long time later, the latter course allowing for radioactivity levels to drop in any activated or contaminated components. It is crucial for clear processes and best practices to be applied in decommissioning such installations and sites, particular where any significant health and environmental risks exist.This book critically reviews the nuclear decommissioning processes and technologies applicable to nuclear power plants and other civilian nuclear facilities. Part one focuses on the fundamental planning issues in starting a nuclear decommissioning process, from principles and safety regulations, to financing and project management. Part two covers the execution phase of nuclear decommissioning projects, detailing processes and technologies such as dismantling, decontamination, and radioactive waste management, as well as environmental remediation, site clearance and reuse. Finally, part three details international experience in the decommissioning of nuclear applications, including the main nuclear reactor types and nuclear fuel cycle facilities, as well as small nuclear facilities and legacy nuclear waste sites. - Critically reviews nuclear decommissioning processes and technologies applicable to nuclear power plants and other civilian nuclear facilities - Discusses the fundamental planning issues in starting a nuclear decommissioning process - Considers the execution phase of nuclear decommissioning projects, including dismantling, decontamination, and radioactive waste management, as well as environmental remediation, site clearance and reuse
Author : OECD Nuclear Energy Agency
Publisher : Nuclear Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ; Washington, D.C. : OECD Publications and Information Centre
Page : 142 pages
File Size : 48,46 MB
Release : 1991
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN :
Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher :
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 40,76 MB
Release : 2008
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789201126085
Describes the rationale and vision for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The publication identifies the basic principles that nuclear energy systems must satisfy to fulfil their promise of meeting growing global energy demands.
Author : Jean-Claude Amiard
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 354 pages
File Size : 20,62 MB
Release : 2021-09-15
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 1786307219
Following the acquisition of the atomic bomb by five states, the United Nations began drafting several treaties to limit nuclear proliferation. These efforts failed, as four more states also acquired nuclear weapons. In a similar vein, an attempt to limit atomic weapons - primarily within the two superpowers - was initiated. While the number of weapons has decreased, the new bombs now being manufactured are more powerful and more precise, negating any reduction in numbers. In the field of civil nuclear use, all nuclear facilities (reactors, factories, etc.) have a limited lifespan. Once a plant is permanently shut down, these facilities must be decommissioned and dismantled. These operations are difficult, time-consuming and costly. In addition, decommissioning generates large volumes of radioactive waste of various categories, including long-lived and high-activity waste. Risks to the environment and to health are not negligible during decommissioning. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have produced numerous publications with recommendations. Each state has its own decommissioning strategy (immediate or delayed) and final plan for the site - whether it be returning it to greenfield status or obtaining a nuclear site license with centuries-long monitoring.
Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher : IAEA Nuclear Energy
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 41,43 MB
Release : 2015
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789201031150
Pools or ponds are usually an integrated part of a more complex nuclear facility, but in some particular cases pools may be considered as a separate nuclear facility with a specific license. A number of nuclear installations utilize pools for the cooling of spent fuel, or the shielding of research reactor cores or irradiator sources. Over a service lifetime that can span decades, nuclear pools may become contaminated as a result of the deposition of radioactive substances. Relevant aspects of pool decommissioning covered in this publication include project planning and management, health and safety, and the management of resulting waste.
Author : Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques
Publisher :
Page : 195 pages
File Size : 46,85 MB
Release : 2012
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : 9789264991736
Cost estimation for the decommissioning of nuclear facilities can vary considerably in format, content and practice both within and across countries. These differences may have legitimate reasons but make the process of reviewing estimates complicated and the estimates themselves difficult to defend. Hence, the joint initiative of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the European Commission (EC) was undertaken to propose a standard itemisation of decommissioning costs either directly for the production of cost estimates or for mapping estimates onto a standard, common structure for purposes of comparison. This report updates the earlier itemisation published in 1999 and takes into account experience accumulated thus far. The revised cost itemisation structure has sought to ensure that all costs within the planned scope of a decommissioning project may be reflected. The report also provides general guidance on developing a decommissioning cost estimate, including detailed advice on using the structure.
Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher :
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 11,50 MB
Release : 2011
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789201166104
"Decommissioning activities for zero-power reactors, radio-diagnostic and radiotherapy hospital departments and laboratories and factories using radioactive material may be erroneously perceived as trivial and of low priority. This publication provides practical information, experience and assistance aimed at a broad spectrum of practitioners who are faced with decommissioning of such small nuclear facilities. Particular consideration is given to the financial and scientific resources, and early planning, which are all factors essential to efficient and effective decommissioning. It is written as a simplified, stepwise approach for guidance to nuclear operators who may have little or no experience in decommissioning. An accompanying CD contains practical information in two Annexes, including descriptions of decommissioning projects problems encountered, solutions and analyses, and lessons learned"--Provided by publisher.
Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher :
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 43,57 MB
Release : 1998
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN :
This report describes and assesses radiological characterization as a precursor to decommissioning. It shows the influence of the radioactive inventory on the planning and strategies of decommissioning and also presents an extensive overview of characterization results on various reactors which have been or are being decommissioned.
Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher :
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 30,86 MB
Release : 2009
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789201020093
Investigates the potential synergies between decommissioning and site remediation in order to allow for the implementation of both processes in an integrated and cost effective way. The publication reviews the planning procedures for, and operational constraints on, partial remediation of sites.
