Author : Hsueh-li Cheng
Publisher : Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 19,25 MB
Release : 1991
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9788120807716
ABOUT THE BOOK:There has been a growing interest in Buddhist thought among Western scholars, especially in the philosophical teachings of the Madhyamika. In this book Prof. Cheng deals with its principle doctrines, its philosophy and its influence on
Author : E. Morscher
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 251 pages
File Size : 41,22 MB
Release : 2013-03-14
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9401597618
Free logic - i.e., logic free of existential presuppositions in general and with respect to singular terms in particular- began to come into its own as a field of research in the 1950s. As is the case with so many developments in Western philosophy, its roots can be traced back to ancient Greek philo sophy. It is only during the last fifty years, however, that it has become well established as a branch of modern logic. The name of Karel Lambert is most closely connected with this development: he gave it its name and its profile as a well defined field of research. After a development of fifty years, it is time to look back and take stock while at the same time scanning for new perspectives. This is the purpose of the papers collected in this volume. The first paper is written by Karel Lambert himself who also comments on all the papers of the other authors. In an introductory essay we give a survey of the present status of and new directions in free logic.
Author : Owen Griffiths
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 265 pages
File Size : 40,8 MB
Release : 2022
Category : Logic
ISBN : 019882971X
Logical monism is the claim that there is a single correct logic, the 'one true logic' of our title. The view has evident appeal, as it reflects assumptions made in ordinary reasoning as well as in mathematics, the sciences, and the law. In all these spheres, we tend to believe that there aredeterminate facts about the validity of arguments. Despite its evident appeal, however, logical monism must meet two challenges. The first is the challenge from logical pluralism, according to which there is more than one correct logic. The second challenge is to determine which form of logicalmonism is the correct one.One True Logic is the first monograph to explicitly articulate a version of logical monism and defend it against the first challenge. It provides a critical overview of the monism vs pluralism debate and argues for the former. It also responds to the second challenge by defending a particularmonism, based on a highly infinitary logic. It breaks new ground on a number of fronts and unifies disparate discussions in the philosophical and logical literature. In particular, it generalises the Tarski-Sher criterion of logicality, provides a novel defence of this generalisation, offers a clearnew argument for the logicality of infinitary logic and replies to recent pluralist arguments.
Author : Fouad Sabry
Publisher : One Billion Knowledgeable
Page : 163 pages
File Size : 24,30 MB
Release : 2023-06-25
Category : Computers
ISBN :
What Is First Order Logic First-order logic is a collection of formal systems that are utilized in the fields of mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. Other names for first-order logic include predicate logic, quantificational logic, and first-order predicate calculus. In first-order logic, quantified variables take precedence over non-logical objects, and the use of sentences that contain variables is permitted. As a result, rather than making assertions like "Socrates is a man," one can make statements of the form "there exists x such that x is Socrates and x is a man," where "there exists" is a quantifier and "x" is a variable. This is in contrast to propositional logic, which does not make use of quantifiers or relations; propositional logic serves as the basis for first-order logic in this sense. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: First-order logic Chapter 2: Axiom Chapter 3: Propositional calculus Chapter 4: Peano axioms Chapter 5: Universal quantification Chapter 6: Conjunctive normal form Chapter 7: Consistency Chapter 8: Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory Chapter 9: Interpretation (logic) Chapter 10: Quantifier rank (II) Answering the public top questions about first order logic. (III) Real world examples for the usage of first order logic in many fields. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of first order logic.
Author : Jess Drake
Publisher : Scientific e-Resources
Page : 322 pages
File Size : 46,86 MB
Release : 2018-05-30
Category :
ISBN : 1839474211
Logic originally meaning "e;the word"e; or "e;what is spoken"e; is generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of arguments. A valid argument is one where there is a specific relation of logical support between the assumptions of the argument and its conclusion. There is no universal agreement as to the exact scope and subject matter of logic, but it has traditionally included the classification of arguments, the systematic exposition of the 'logical form' common to all valid arguments, the study of inference, including fallacies, and the study of semantics, including paradoxes. Historically, logic has been studied in philosophy and mathematics and recently logic has been studied in computer science, linguistics, psychology, and other fields. The book is about the logic and talks about various aspects of it such as general character of the enquiry, argument from analogy, mathematical reasoning, etc. This book will prove to be very useful for the people interested in logic as well as the students of logic.
Author : Alex Oliver
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 430 pages
File Size : 29,17 MB
Release : 2016-11-04
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0192593153
Alex Oliver and Timothy Smiley provide a natural point of entry to what for most readers will be a new subject. Plural logic deals with plural terms ('Whitehead and Russell', 'Henry VIII's wives', 'the real numbers', 'the square root of -1', 'they'), plural predicates ('surrounded the fort', 'are prime', 'are consistent', 'imply'), and plural quantification ('some things', 'any things'). Current logic is singularist: its terms stand for at most one thing. By contrast, the foundational thesis of this book is that a particular term may legitimately stand for several things at once; in other words, there is such a thing as genuinely plural denotation. The authors argue that plural phenomena need to be taken seriously and that the only viable response is to adopt a plural logic, a logic based on plural denotation. They expound a framework of ideas that includes the distinction between distributive and collective predicates, the theory of plural descriptions, multivalued functions, and lists. A formal system of plural logic is presented in three stages, before being applied to Cantorian set theory as an illustration. Technicalities have been kept to a minimum, and anyone who is familiar with the classical predicate calculus should be able to follow it. The authors' approach is an attractive blend of no-nonsense argumentative directness and open-minded liberalism, and they convey the exciting and unexpected richness of their subject. Mathematicians and linguists, as well as logicians and philosophers, will find surprises in this book. This second edition includes a greatly expanded treatment of the paradigm empty term zilch, a much strengthened treatment of Cantorian set theory, and a new chapter on higher-level plural logic.
Author : Edward John Lemmon
Publisher : Hackett Publishing
Page : 244 pages
File Size : 14,77 MB
Release : 1978-01-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780915144501
"One of the most careful and intensive among the introductory texts that can be used with a wide range of students. It builds remarkably sophisticated technical skills, a good sense of the nature of a formal system, and a solid and extensive background for more advanced work in logic. . . . The emphasis throughout is on natural deduction derivations, and the text's deductive systems are its greatest strength. Lemmon's unusual procedure of presenting derivations before truth tables is very effective." --Sarah Stebbins, The Journal of Symbolic Logic
Author : Fouad Sabry
Publisher : One Billion Knowledgeable
Page : 154 pages
File Size : 24,36 MB
Release : 2023-06-24
Category : Computers
ISBN :
What Is Propositional Logic The field of logic that is known as propositional calculus. There are a few other names for it, including propositional logic, statement logic, sentential calculus, sentential logic, and occasionally zeroth-order logic. It examines propositions as well as the relations that exist between propositions, as well as the formulation of arguments that are founded on propositions. By combining individual statements with various logical connectives, one can create compound propositions. Atomic propositions are those that don't have any logical connectives in them, as the name suggests. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Propositional calculus Chapter 2: Axiom Chapter 3: First-order logic Chapter 4: Modus tollens Chapter 5: Consistency Chapter 6: Contradiction Chapter 7: Rule of inference Chapter 8: List of rules of inference Chapter 9: Deduction theorem Chapter 10: Theory (mathematical logic) (II) Answering the public top questions about propositional logic. (III) Real world examples for the usage of propositional logic in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of propositional logic' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of propositional logic.
Author : E.J. Lemmon
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 244 pages
File Size : 22,18 MB
Release : 1971-09-30
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9780412380907
The aim of this book is to provide an exposition of elementary formal logic. The course, which is primarily intended for first-year students who have no previous knowledge of the subject, forms a working basis for more advanced reading and is presented in such a way as to be intelligible to the layman. The nature of logic is examined with the gradual introduction of worked samples showing how to distinguish the sound statement from the unsound. Arguments whose soundness cannot be proved by propositional calculus are discussed, and it is shown how formalization can reveal the logical form of arguments. The final section of the book deals with the application of the predicate calculus as applied in various other fields of logic.
Author : Ellen Hisdal
Publisher : Physica
Page : 440 pages
File Size : 39,87 MB
Release : 2013-04-17
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 3790818879
It is the business of science not to create laws, but to discover them. We do not originate the constitution of our own minds, greatly as it may be in our power to modify their character. And as the laws of the human intellect do not depend upon our will, so the forms of science, of (1. 1) which they constitute the basis, are in all essential regards independent of individual choice. George Boole [10, p. llJ 1. 1 Comparison with Traditional Logic The logic of this book is a probability logic built on top of a yes-no or 2-valued logic. It is divided into two parts, part I: BP Logic, and part II: M Logic. 'BP' stands for 'Bayes Postulate'. This postulate says that in the absence of knowl edge concerning a probability distribution over a universe or space one should assume 1 a uniform distribution. 2 The M logic of part II does not make use of Bayes postulate or of any other postulates or axioms. It relies exclusively on purely deductive reasoning following from the definition of probabilities. The M logic goes an important step further than the BP logic in that it can distinguish between certain types of information supply sentences which have the same representation in the BP logic as well as in traditional first order logic, although they clearly have different meanings (see example 6. 1. 2; also comments to the Paris-Rome problem of eqs. (1. 8), (1. 9) below).
