Enzyme Inhibitors and Activators


Book Description

Over the recent years, medicinal chemistry has become responsible for explaining interactions of chemical molecule processes such that many scientists in the life sciences from agronomy to medicine are engaged in medicinal research. This book contains an overview focusing on the research area of enzyme inhibitor and activator, enzyme-catalyzed biotransformation, usage of microbial enzymes, enzymes associated with programmed cell death, natural products as potential enzyme inhibitors, protease inhibitors from plants in insect pest management, peptidases, and renin-angiotensin system. The book provides an overview on basic issues and some of the recent developments in medicinal science and technology. Especially, emphasis is devoted to both experimental and theoretical aspect of modern medicine. The primary target audience for the book includes students, researchers, chemists, molecular biologists, medical doctors, pharmacologists, and professionals who are interested in associated areas. The textbook is written by international scientists with expertise in biochemistry, enzymology, molecular biology, and genetics, many of which are active in biochemical and pharmacological research. I would like to acknowledge the authors for their contribution to the book. We hope that the textbook will enhance the knowledge of scientists in the complexities of some medical approaches; it will stimulate both professionals and students to dedicate part of their future research in understanding relevant mechanisms and applications of pharmacology.




Kinetics of Enzyme-Modifier Interactions


Book Description

The kinetic mechanisms by which enzymes interact with inhibitors and activators, collectively called modifiers, are scrutinized and ranked taxonomically into autonomous species in a way similar to that used in the biological classification of plants and animals. The systematization of the mechanisms is based on two fundamental characters: the allosteric linkage between substrate and modifier and the factor by which a modifier affects the catalytic constant of the enzyme. Combinations of the physically significant states of these two characters in an ancestor-descendant-like fashion reveal the existence of seventeen modes of interaction that cover the needs of total, partial and fine-tuning modulation of enzyme activity. These interactions comprise five linear and five hyperbolic inhibition mechanisms, five nonessential activation mechanisms and two hybrid species that manifest either hyperbolic inhibition or nonessential activation characteristics depending on substrate concentration. Five essential activation mechanisms, which are taxonomically independent of the mentioned basic species, complete the inventory of enzyme modifiers. Often masked under conventional umbrella terms or treated as anomalous cases, all seventeen basic inhibition and nonessential activation mechanisms are represented in the biochemical and pharmacological literature of this and the past century, either in the form of rapid or slow-onset reversible interactions, or as irreversible modification processes. The full potential of enzyme inhibitors and activators can only be appreciated after elucidating the details of their kinetic mechanisms of action exploring the entire range of physiologically significant reactant concentrations. This book highlights the wide spectrum of allosteric enzyme modification in physiological occurrences as well as in pharmacological and biotechnological applications that embrace simple and multiple enzyme-modifier interactions. The reader is guided in the journey through this still partly uncharted territory with the aid of mechanistically-oriented criteria aimed at showing the logical way towards the identification of a particular mechanism.




Enzymes and Their Inhibitors


Book Description

Focusing on the development of enzyme inhibitors as therapeutic drugs, Enzymes and Their Inhibitors: Drug Development provides a concise overview of the chemistry of major types of enzymes and their inhibitors. The opening chapters introduce readers to the structure, functions, mechanisms, and kinetics of enzymes, including their use as disease mar




Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics


Book Description

Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics details the rate of reactions catalyzed by different enzymes and the effects of varying the conditions on them. The book includes the basic principles of chemical kinetics, especially the order of a reaction and its rate constraints. The text also gives an introduction to enzyme kinetics - the idea of an enzyme-substrate complex; the Michaelis-Menten equation; the steady state treatment; and the validity of its assumption. Practical considerations, the derivation of steady-state rate equations, inhibitors and activators, and two-substrate reactions are also explained. Problems after the end of each chapter have also been added, as well as their solutions at the end of the book, to test the readers' learning. The text is highly recommended for undergraduate students in biochemistry who wish to study about enzymes or focus completely on enzymology, as most of the mathematics used in this book, which have been explained in detail to remove most barriers of understanding, is elementary.




Mechanisms of Catalysis


Book Description

The remarkable expansion of information leading to a deeper understanding of enzymes on the molecular level necessitated the development of this volume which not only introduces new topics to The Enzymes series but presents new information on some covered in Volume I and II of this edition.




Carbonic Anhydrase


Book Description

Carbonic Anhydrase: Its Inhibitors and Activators provides a state-of-the-art overview of the latest developments and challenges in carbonic anhydrase research. Authors describe the mechanisms of action of specific inhibitors in relation to physiological function, and present previously unpublished research on CA activators. Written by a team of in




Biology for AP ® Courses


Book Description

Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences.




Allosteric Regulatory Enzymes


Book Description

This book covers the most recent developments in the analysis of allosteric enzymes and provides a logical introduction to the limits for enzyme function as dictated by the factors that are limits for life. The book presents a complete description of all the mechanisms used for changing enzyme activity. It is extensively illustrated to clarify kinetic and regulatory properties. Eight enzymes are used as model systems after extensive study of their mechanisms. Wherever possible, the human form of the enzyme is used to illustrate the regulatory features.




The Exocrine Pancreas


Book Description

The secretions of the exocrine pancreas provide for digestion of a meal into components that are then available for processing and absorption by the intestinal epithelium. Without the exocrine pancreas, malabsorption and malnutrition result. This chapter describes the cellular participants responsible for the secretion of digestive enzymes and fluid that in combination provide a pancreatic secretion that accomplishes the digestive functions of the gland. Key cellular participants, the acinar cell and the duct cell, are responsible for digestive enzyme and fluid secretion, respectively, of the exocrine pancreas. This chapter describes the neurohumoral pathways that mediate the pancreatic response to a meal as well as details of the cellular mechanisms that are necessary for the organ responses, including protein synthesis and transport and ion transports, and the regulation of these responses by intracellular signaling systems. Examples of pancreatic diseases resulting from dysfunction in cellular mechanisms provide emphasis of the importance of the normal physiologic mechanisms.




ENZYMES: Catalysis, Kinetics and Mechanisms


Book Description

This enzymology textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate students covers the syllabi of most universities where this subject is regularly taught. It focuses on the synchrony between the two broad mechanistic facets of enzymology: the chemical and the kinetic, and also highlights the synergy between enzyme structure and mechanism. Designed for self-study, it explains how to plan enzyme experiments and subsequently analyze the data collected. The book is divided into five major sections: 1] Introduction to enzymes, 2] Practical aspects, 3] Kinetic Mechanisms, 4] Chemical Mechanisms, and 5] Enzymology Frontiers. Individual concepts are treated as stand-alone chapters; readers can explore any single concept with minimal cross-referencing to the rest of the book. Further, complex approaches requiring specialized techniques and involved experimentation (beyond the reach of an average laboratory) are covered in theory with suitable references to guide readers. The book provides students, researchers and academics in the broad area of biology with a sound theoretical and practical knowledge of enzymes. It also caters to those who do not have a practicing enzymologist to teach them the subject.