Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 22,20 MB
Release : 2003-05-27
Category :
ISBN : 926410125X
This book reviews progress in the fight against hard core cartels. It quantifies the harm caused by cartels and identifies improved methods of investigation. It also examines progress in strengthening sanctions against businesses and individuals.
Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 73 pages
File Size : 43,18 MB
Release : 2003-06-26
Category :
ISBN : 9264102795
This publication presents a synthesis of recent work of the OECD Joint Group on Trade and Competition focussing on the interface between these two policy domains against the backdrop of an increasingly globalised economy.
Author : Alison Jones
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 1434 pages
File Size : 27,33 MB
Release : 2014
Category : Law
ISBN : 0199660328
A stand-alone guide to competition law, providing extracts from key cases, academic works, and legislation, along with incisive critique and commentary from two experts in the field.
Author : Brendan J. Sweeney
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 447 pages
File Size : 43,65 MB
Release : 2009-09-10
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1135212058
The widespread move towards more market-driven models of political economy combined with the expanding internationalisation of business and commerce has led to a series of proposals for global competition rules. To date these proposals have been hotly contested. A critical issue is whether some form of international rule-making is required, or whether soft law solutions are sufficient. Competition rules may be required to combat the damage done by global cartels and to diffuse the tensions created when more than one nation seeks to regulate the same conduct. Competition rules may also be required to protect the integrity of the world trading system. International rule-making, however, presents its own problems, not the least of which is a concern with protecting national sovereignty.
Author : Christopher Harding
Publisher :
Page : 439 pages
File Size : 24,73 MB
Release : 2010
Category : Law
ISBN : 0199551480
One of the most contentious and high-profile aspects of EU competition law and policy has been the regulation of those serious competition or antitrust violations now often referred to as 'hard core cartels'. Such cartel activity typically involves large and powerful corporate producers and traders operating across Europe and beyond, and comprise practices such as price fixing, bid rigging, market sharing, and limiting production in order to ensure 'market stability' and maintain and increase profits. There is little disagreement now, in terms of competition theory and policy at both international and national levels, regarding the damaging effect of such trading practices on public and consumer interests, and such cartels have been subject to increasing condemnation in the legal process of regulating and protecting competition. Regulating Cartels in Europe provides critical evaluation of the way in which European-level regulation has evolved to deal with the activities of such anti-competitive business cartels. They trace the historical development of cartel regulation in Europe, comparing the more pragmatic and empirical approached favored in Europe with the more dogmatic and uncompromising American policy on cartels. In particular, the work considers critically the move towards the use of fully fledged criminal proceedings in this area of legal control, examining evolving aspects of enforcement policy such as the use of leniency programs and the deployment of a range of criminal law and other sanctions. This new edition of the work covers emerging themes and arguments in the discipline, including the judicial review of decisions against cartels, the criminological and legal basis of the criminalization of cartel conduct, and the range and effectiveness of sanctions used in response to cartel activity.
Author : Ingeborg Simonsson
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 440 pages
File Size : 44,18 MB
Release : 2010-02-23
Category : Law
ISBN : 1847315682
This book examines the law developed by the EU to control cartels. The law, including case-law, is carefully documented and analysed against a standard of legitimacy which questions the EU's enforcement measures, its institutional structures, policy choices, substantive law, evidentiary standards and procedures and sanctions. It includes a unique catalogue of over 150 EU cartel decisions, as well as novel analyses of difficult borderline issues such as mixed horizontal and vertical cartels, single-brand dealer cartels and buyer cartels. The effect on trade in cartel cases is analysed with reference to established law and deterrence theory. Throughout the book the author asks whether EU law also applies at the national level, or whether certain assessments need to be made according to national law. This approach makes the book particularly helpful for national authorities, courts and private practitioners. The book includes in-depth comparisons with US law as well as a comprehensive survey of the secondary (academic) literature on cartels. As such it presents not only a comprehensive practical view, but also a sound theoretical framework for better understanding cartel law. This is a work which will be of utmost importance to those working in competition authorities and competition courts in the EU Member States, as well as those working for EU institutions and in private practice and academia.
Author : Thomas M. Leonard
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 802 pages
File Size : 21,5 MB
Release : 2006
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780415976626
These crochet jackets from Coats & Clark let you change your wardrobe whenever you change your mood. Is it a day for quick decisions and getting things done? Toss on Confident, a button-down coat with a hem that cruises below the hip. If being Serene is more your thing, then mix a playful puff stitch with shades of green to create a jacket as peaceful as a forest retreat. Hunting for a way to buck the trends? The Bold jacket is camo-inspired, but it won t let you get lost in a crowd. Romantic is a cropped hoodie that hugs your shoulders and frames your face with soft bobbles. 4 jackets to crochet: Confident by Angel Rhett (sizes 8, 10, 12) ; Serene and Romantic, both by Ann E. Smith (sizes S, M, L, XL) ; and Bold by Kathleen Sams (sizes S, M, L) .
Author : Dorota Leczykiewicz
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 487 pages
File Size : 32,46 MB
Release : 2016-01-28
Category : Law
ISBN : 1509900373
This book consists of contributions exploring from different perspectives the 'images' of the consumer in EU law. The images of the consumer form the foundation for various EU policies, more or less directly oriented towards the goal of consumer protection. The purpose of the volume is to establish what visions of the consumer there are in different contexts of EU law, whether they are consistent, and whether EU law's engagement with consumer-related considerations is sincere or merely instrumental to the achievement of other goals. The chapters discuss how consumers should be protected in EU contract, competition, free movement and trade mark law. They reflect on the limits of the consumer empowerment rationale as the basis for EU consumer policy. The chapters look also at the variety of concerns consumers might have, including the cost of goods and services, access to credit, ethical questions of consumption, the challenges of excessive choice and the possibility to influence the content of regulatory measures, and explore the significance of these issues for the EU's legislative and judicial process.
Author : Anton Godt
Publisher : Universitätsverlag Göttingen
Page : 283 pages
File Size : 26,51 MB
Release : 2022
Category :
ISBN : 3863955595
The study outlines the status quo of international cooperation in competition law matters. This is done by examining, in chronological order, the various approaches of the many multi- and bi-lateral international agreements that have attempted to solve the problems of competition law (WTO, GATT, etc.). Subsequently, the focus of this thesis is on the analysis of bilateral trade agreements. Within the framework of this analysis, the potential of trade agreements for competition law cooperation is to be shown. For this reason, only those bilateral trade agreements are analyzed that deal with the topic of regulatory cooperation in competition law in specially provided competition chapters. In doing so, the different stages of cooperation will be analyzed along the different integration phases of any trade agreements. The highest form of trade agreement integration – customs unions – will be dealt with separately, using the EU as an example.
Author : Peter Whelan
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 487 pages
File Size : 50,64 MB
Release : 2014-08-07
Category : Law
ISBN : 0191649031
Cartel activity is prohibited under EU law by virtue of Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Firms that violate this provision face severe punishment from those entities responsible for enforcing EU competition law: the European Commission, the national competition authorities, and the national courts. Stiff fines are regularly imposed on firms by these entities; such firm-focused punishment is an established feature of the antitrust enforcement landscape within the EU. In recent years, however, focus has also been placed on the individuals within the firms responsible for the cartel activity. It is increasingly recognized that punishment for cartel activity should be individual-focused as well as firm-focused. Accordingly, a growing tendency to criminalize cartel activity can be observed in the EU Member States. The existence of such criminal sanctions within the EU presents a number of crucial challenges that need to be met if the underlying enforcement objectives are to be achieved in practice without violating prevailing legal norms. For a start, given the severe consequences of a custodial sentence, the employment of criminal antitrust punishment must be justifiable in principle: one must have a robust normative framework rationalizing the existence of criminal cartel sanctions. Second, for it to be legitimate, antitrust criminalization should only occur in a manner that respects the mandatory legalities applicable to the European jurisdiction in question. These include the due process rights of the accused and the principle of legal certainty. Finally, the correct practical measures (such as a criminal leniency policy and a correctly defined criminal cartel offence) need to be in place in order to ensure that the employment of criminal antitrust punishment actually achieves its aims while maintaining its legitimacy. These three particular challenges can be conceptualized respectively as the theoretical, legal, and practical challenges of European antitrust criminalization. This book analyses these three crucial challenges so that the complexity of the process of European antitrust criminalization can be understood more accurately. In doing so, this book acknowledges that the three challenges should not be considered in isolation. In fact there is a dynamic relationship between the theoretical, legal, and practical challenges of European antitrust criminalization and an effective antitrust criminalization policy is one which recognizes and respects this complex interaction.
