Book Description

My dissertation examines the language trajectories and academic achievement of English learner students in California. California schools serve about one third of English learners in the U.S., with approximately 1.4 million English learners. In the first paper, I investigate the patterns of language acquisition among English learners during early elementary school years. Using student-level data from three school districts in California, I follow a cohort of kindergarten students for three consecutive academic years and examine the relationship between English language development and various individual student characteristics. The primary goals of the study are to describe the differences in English development trajectories taking into account students' initial English proficiency and evaluate their individual trajectories making comparisons across different groups of English learners. The study finds that gender, grade retention, and late entry to the U.S. are associated with higher growth of English language development. In the second paper, I present an in depth analyses of the Academic Performance Index for English learners across all schools in California. The Academic Performance Index is a school level measure of academic achievement that has been the cornerstone of California's accountability policies for the past decade. I examine the Academic Performance Index for English learners from a variety of perspectives. First, I compare the academic achievement of English learners and non-English learners to describe the gaps in achievement between these two groups. Then, I look at the academic achievement of English learners and non-English learners to compare how schools are doing in terms of meeting the achievement goals stipulated by the state. In the third part, I investigate regional differences in academic achievement taking into consideration demographic factors that likely impact the achievement of English learners including concentrations of poverty, concentrations of English learners, and parental education. In the last part, I report the results of analyses over time and describe how the Academic Performance Index for English learners has changed over five annual reporting cycles (2005-2010). For all analyses in the paper, I present results by grade spans (elementary, middle, and high school). In the third paper, I examine English learner academic achievement in relationship to one important aspect of their school context: the concentration of English learners in schools. The analyses show that concentration of English learner students in schools has an overall negative impact on the test scores of all students. However, the association between English learner concentration in schools and test scores of English learners is weaker, compared to the association between these two aspects for non-English learners. Because concentration of English learners is strongly related to concentration of poverty in schools it is not feasible to evaluate the association between these two aspects of school composition and their separate impact on test scores.