Victorian Negatives


Book Description

Victorian Negatives examines the intersection between Victorian photography and literary culture, and argues that the development of the photographic negative played an instrumental role in their confluence. The negative is a technology that facilitates photographic reproduction by way of image inversion, and Susan E. Cook argues that this particular photographic technology influenced the British realist novel and literary celebrity culture, as authors grappled with the technology of inversion and reproduction in their lives and works. The book analyzes literary works by Charles Dickens, Arthur Conan Doyle, E. W. Hornung, Cyril Bennett, Robert Louis Stevenson, Oscar Wilde, Thomas Hardy, and Bram Stoker, and puts readings of those works into conversations with distinct photographic forms, including the daguerreotype, solarization, forensic photography, common cabinet cards, double exposures, and postmortem portraiture. In addition to literary texts, the book analyzes photographic discourses from letters and public writings of photographers and the nineteenth-century press, as well as discussions and debates surrounding Victorian celebrity authorship. The book's focus on the negative both illuminates an oft-marginalized part of the history of photography and demonstrates the way in which this history is central to Victorian literary culture.




Energy in American History


Book Description

Contextualizes and analyzes the key energy transitions in U.S. history and the central importance of energy production and consumption on the American environment and in American culture and politics. Focusing on the major energy transitions in U.S. history, from the pre-industrial era to the present day, this two-volume encyclopedia captures the major advancements, events, technologies, and people synonymous with the production and consumption of energy in the United States. Expert contributors show how, for example, the introduction of electricity and petroleum into ordinary American life facilitated periods of rapid social and political change, as well as profound and ongoing impacts on the environment. These developments have in many ways defined and accelerated the pace of modern life and led to vast improvements in living conditions for millions of people, just as they have also brought new fears of resource exhaustion and fossil-fuel induced climate change. Today, as America begins to move beyond the use of fossil fuels toward a greater reliance on renewables, including wind and solar energy, there is a pressing need to understand energy in America's past in order to better understand its energy future.




Microfluidics: Modeling, Mechanics and Mathematics


Book Description

This practical, lab-based approach to nano- and microfluidics provides readers with a wealth of practical techniques, protocols, and experiments ready to be put into practice in both research and industrial settings. The practical approach is ideally suited to researchers and R&D staff in industry; additionally the interdisciplinary approach to the science of nano- and microfluidics enables readers from a range of different academic disciplines to broaden their understanding. Dr Rapp fully engages with the multidisciplinary nature of the subject. Alongside traditional fluid/transport topics, there is a wealth of coverage of materials and manufacturing techniques, chemical modification/surface functionalization, biochemical analysis, and the biosensors involved. As well as providing a clear and concise overview to get started into the multidisciplinary field of microfluidics and practical guidance on techniques, pitfalls and troubleshooting, this book supplies: - A set of hands-on experiments and protocols that will help setting up lab experiments but which will also allow a quick start into practical work. - A collection of microfluidic structures, with 3D-CAD and image data that can be used directly (files provided on a companion website). - A practical guide to the successful design and implementation of nano- and microfluidic processes (e.g. biosensing) and equipment (e.g., biosensors, such as diabetes blood glucose sensors) - Provides techniques, experiments, and protocols ready to be put to use in the lab, in an academic, or industry setting - A collection of 3D-CAD and image files is provided on a companion website




Sentential Probability Logic


Book Description

This study presents a logic in which probability values play a semantic role comparable to that of truth values in conventional logic. The difference comes in with the semantic definition of logical consequence. It will be of interest to logicians, both philosophical and mathematical, and to investigators making use of logical inference under uncertainty, such as in operations research, risk analysis, artificial intelligence, and expert systems.










Structural refinement of single crystals using digital-large angle convergent beam electron diffraction


Book Description

We explore the capability of digital-large angle convergent beam electron diffraction (D-LACBED) data for the structural refinement of single crystals. To achieve this, we use three materials as test cases. We use corundum for atomic position refi nement, copper and gallium arsenide for Debye-Waller factor (DWF) re finement. D-LACBED patterns are found to be extremely sensitive to atomic position, within 0.4 pm of reference X-ray values. The patterns are less sensitive to DWF (using the independent atom model - IAM) but nonetheless give good agreement to X-ray and Mossbauer radiation values for copper. We find the IAM to be insufficient for accurate refinement of gallium arsenide due to the influence of previously suggested strong anharmonicity and bonding within the material. Finally, we use simulation to explore the sensitivity of D-LACBED patterns through most re fineable structural parameters, providing context to the aforementioned results. During the analysis we see that higher g-vector patterns within the D-LACBED data may be more sensitive to structural parameters in general.