A History of the Development of Alternatives to Animals in Research and Testing


Book Description

Growing public interest in animal welfare issues in recent decades has prompted increased attention to the efforts to develop alternative, nonanimal methods for use in biomedical research and product testing. In A History of the Development of Alternatives to Animals in Research and Testing, the first book-length study of the subject, John Parascandola traces the history of the concept of alternatives to the use of animals in research and testing in Britain and the United States from its beginnings until it had become firmly established in the scientific and animal protection communities by the end of the 1980s. This account of the history of alternatives is set within the context of developments within science, animal welfare, and politics. The book covers the key role played by animal welfare advocates in promoting alternatives, the initial resistance to alternatives on the part of many in the scientific community, the opportunity provided by alternatives for compromise and cooperation between these two groups, and the dominance of the “Three Rs”—reduction, refinement, and replacement.




Study of Alternatives


Book Description










Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2011 Edition


Book Description

Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice. The editors have built Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.







Research Handbook on Partnerships, LLCs and Alternative Forms of Business Organizations


Book Description

While the partnership has been a viable alternative to incorporation for centuries, the much more recent limited liability company (LLC) has increasingly become the business organization of choice for new firms in the United States. This Handbook inclu