Do Police Need Guns?


Book Description

This book challenges what are, for many people, deep-rooted expectations regarding the routine arming of police and compares jurisdictions in which police are routinely armed (Toronto, Canada and Brisbane, Australia) and those where police are not routinely armed (Manchester, England and Auckland, New Zealand). With a focus on Western jurisdictions and by examining a range of documentary, media and data sources, this book provides an evidence-based examination of the question: Do police really need guns? This book first provides detailed insight into the armed policing tradition and perceptions/expectations with respect to police and firearms. A range of theoretical concepts regarding policing, state power and the use of force is applied to an examination of what makes the police powerful. This is set against the minimum force tradition, which is typified by policing in England and Wales. Consideration is also given to the role played by key tropes and constructs of popular culture. Drawing on Surette’s model of symbolic reality, the book considers contrasting media traditions and the positioning of firearms within narrative arcs, especially the role of heroes. The book concludes by drawing together the key themes and findings, and considering the viability of retaining and/or moving towards non-routinely armed police.




Evaluation of the New York City Police Department Firearm Training and Firearm-discharge Review Process


Book Description

In January 2007, New York City Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly asked the RAND Corporation to examine the quality and completeness of the New York City Police Department's firearm-training program and identify potential improvements in it and in the police department's firearm-discharge review process. This monograph reports the observations, findings, and recommendations of that study.




Weapon Retention Techniques for Officer Survival


Book Description

This text presents techniques and information to help police officers avoid being disarmed by a suspect (take-away incidents) and then injured or killed with their own or their partner's weapon. The opening chapter on conditioning emphasizes the importance of the officer's mental as well as physical readiness. Strength, endurance, and agility requirements, an integral part of police testing and academy regimen, are necessary for the survival of active duty officers. The times within the arrest procedure when an assault is most likely to occur are identified, and ways to distinguish between passive and potentially violent subjects or situations are discussed. Fourteen case studies illustrate the errors, lack of preparation, poor training, or other deficiencies that make take-away incidents possible. Specific lessons to be learned are enumerated along with each case: search the suspects before requesting identification; never leave one officer alone with the suspect; never cuff a suspect's hand in front of his body, etc. The chapter on 'games cons play' uses photographs to illustrate the varied techniques criminals use against police officers in confrontations. Next, the Downey-Roth weapon retention technique is introduced. Its chief principle is that since action is faster than reaction, violation of the danger zone (the area within which the officer is vulnerable to a suspect's grab or kick) should be guarded against. The three factors present in weapon retention -- distance and timing, holsters that can prevent the illicit withdrawal of the weapon, and techniques that are well-rehearsed and answer countermeasures are outlined. Photographs and case studies illustrate the nine techniques, including countering approaches from the front, rear, and side to seize either holstered or drawn weapons.







Armed Police


Book Description

On 7 July 2005, just before 9 am, explosive devices detonated on London Underground trains at Liverpool Street, Edgware Road and Kings Cross stations and on a double-decker bus in Tavistock Square. Fifty-six people were killed and over 700 injured. Suicide bombing had come to Britain. Two weeks later, the capital's commuters narrowly missed disaster when four more devices failed to explode. Security in London was increased to unprecedented levels as Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Sir Ian Blair said his force faced 'its largest operational challenge since the war'. Heavily armed police officers patrolling the streets became a regular feature of television news programmes, leaving an enduring impression that unarmed policing in Britain had gone forever and with it the kindly image of the archetypal British bobby. Controversy rages over the increased use of firearms because in the public mind, the hallmark of British security has always been unarmed policing. Now, for the first time, former Head of the Metropolitan Police Firearms Unit, Mike Waldren, gives his insider account of the changes in Britain's policing, spanning over half a century and including many examples of extraordinary heroism, tragedy, controversy, comedy, intrigue and occasional farce.




Arming an Unarmed Police


Book Description

This report explores the use of lethal force by police in the United Kingdom. Following a discussion on the organization and policies of London's Metropolitan Police, the focus turns to weapons, training, issues in the use of force by police and the controversial question of whether police should be armed. The need for tactical and refresher training for police, and appropriate training for police unit-commanders, to make them aware of the tactical operations available to them, is pointed out. The demand for the greater firepower of self-loading pistols may be reduced if ammunition issued to police officers has greater stopping power. An alternative to ball ammunition is necessary, since ball ammunition poses a danger to innocent citizens when it is used. The most acute dilemma is not faced by policymakers but rather by police officers who must decide whether to draw their weapon, to take aim, or to open fire. Sometimes, police officers have only a second in which to decide whether to fire their guns; if they make the wrong decision, the may be killed, or kill someone else unnecessarily. There is a continual need to balance police operational effectiveness against public acceptability and safety.







The Search for an Effective Police Handgun


Book Description

Collection of research results providing police officials and officers with comparative technical information on various types and models of handguns and ammunition. Prior to standardization which occurred within police departments in the 1930's, officers were usually expected to furnish their equipment, including weapons and ammunition. Two factors, a high-degree of accuracy in the .38 S & W special revolver cartridge and the convenience of police exchanging a standard ammunition, led to the adoption of the S & W .38 by most large departments. However, researchers since 1900 have presented evidence that this accepted police handgun cartridge should be reevaluated in terms of effectiveness. Professor Bristow offers a review of some of that research in this collection of agency evaluations, factory ballistic test reports, excerpted government documents, and other materials which present alternatives to the .38 special as the standard police handgun. Wound ballistics, considerations of velocity and shock, and technical concerns over accuracy versus recoil are detailed in both descriptive and statistical terms. The pros and cons of high-velocity expanding bullets are presented, as are the implications of using large caliber revolvers and semi-automatic pistols. These subjects are also discussed in the context of such larger problems as the cost-risk of change and community relations versus officer protection. The material is intended to aid law enforcement officials and officers who have the responsibility of choosing and justifying a handgun for their agency or themselves.




Officers, Their Weapons and Their Hands


Book Description

To help determine the potential of secondary gunshot residue (GSR) transfer from officers onto subjects to be tested for GSR, the presence of GSR on non-shooting patrol officers' hands were evaluated. Forty-three officers were sampled with adhesive-lift discs, which were subsequently concentrated and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) microanalysis. GSR levels on the officers' hands were lower than expected considering that a firearm was carried and handled by all officers. Only three of the 43 officers had unique GSR particles. No officer had more than one unique GSR particle. Twenty-five of the 43 officers had no particles of GSR on their hands. Although the potential for secondary transfer contamination from an arresting officer to a subject exists, the low empirical numbers of GSR particles found on these non-shooting officers suggest that the potential for this occurrence is relatively low.




THE SWAT CYCLOPEDIA


Book Description

As SWAT has become more established within the police community, a certain language and jargon has also evolved with it. THE SWAT CYCLOPEDIA has been developed as a basic reference for this terminology as well as other state-of-the-art information associated with the police special weapons and tactics function. Within this source is a wide range of technical data pertaining to the tactical topics of training, equipment, deployment, operational strategies, slang, quotes, helpful hints and historical details, along with scores of other informative features. So that a more comprehensive understanding of the world of SWAT can be obtained, such topics as counter-terrorism, domestic terrorism, and international terrorism have also been included. In order to make the book more useful, many of the terms in the text have been cross-referenced. It will be of interest to police officers assigned to a SWAT team, as well as to those individuals who are interested in tactical response operations and what is involved in this law enforcement function. The manual encompasses certain administrative considerations that pertain to the organization and management of an agency's SWAT program, and therefore, it is also designed to provide particular assistance to the tactical commander seeking solutions or to the law enforcement executive who may be planning the incorporation of a special weapons and tactics unit within his or her agency.