Spectrophotometry


Book Description

This volume is an essential handbook for anyone interested in performing the most accurate spectrophotometric or other optical property of materials measurements. The chapter authors were chosen from the leading experts in their respective fields and provide their wisdom and experience in measurements of reflectance, transmittance, absorptance, emittance, diffuse scattering, color, and fluorescence. The book provides the reader with the theoretical underpinning to the methods, the practical issues encountered in real measurements, and numerous examples of important applications. - Written by the leading international experts from industry, government, and academia - Written as a handbook, with in depth discussion of the topics - Focus on making the most accurate and reproducible measurements - Many practical applications and examples




Soil Physical Measurement and Interpretation for Land Evaluation


Book Description

Soil physical measurements are essential for solving many natural resource management problems. This operational laboratory and field handbook provides, for the first time, a standard set of methods that are cost-effective and well suited to land resource survey. It provides: *practical guidelines on the soil physical measurements across a range of soils, climates and land uses; *straightforward descriptions for each method (including common pitfalls) that can be applied by people with a rudimentary knowledge of soil physics, and *guidelines on the interpretation of results and integration with land resource assessment. Soil Physical Measurement And Interpretation for Land Evaluation begins with an introduction to land evaluation and then outlines procedures for field sampling. Twenty detailed chapters cover pore space relations, water retention, hydraulic conductivity, water table depth, dispersion, aggregation, particle size, shrinkage, Atterburg limits and strength. The book includes procedures for estimating soil physical properties from more readily available data and shows how soil physical data can be integrated into land planning and management decisions.







Theory, Determination and Control of Physical Properties of Food Materials


Book Description

In recent years, the importance of material science, or the understanding of the physical properties of food materials in the progress of food engineering, has become more recognized. Increasing numbers of basic and applied studies in this area appear in numerous journals and literature scattered around various disciplines. This 'Series in Food Material Science' is planned to survey, collect, organize, review and evaluate these studies. By doing so, it is hoped that this series will be instrumental in bringing about a better understanding of the physical properties of food materials, better communication among scientists, and rapid progress in food engineering, science and technology. This volume, Theory, Determination and Control of Physical Properties of Food Materia/s, Volume I of the 'Series in Food Material Science', contains basic principles, methods and instrumental methods for determination and application of the modifi cation of physical properties. In this book, noted investigators in the subjects have pooled their knowledge and made it available in a condensed form. Every chapter is selfcontained with most of them starting with a review or introduction, including the viewpoint of the author. These should offer a beginner a very general introduction to the subjects covered, make the scientists and technologists in the field aware of current progress and allow the specialists a chance to compare different viewpoints.




Polymers Physical Properties


Book Description

Polymers Physical Properties




Physical Properties of Foods


Book Description

With higher food quality in increasing demand by consumers, there is continuous pressure on food engineers to meet market needs. One of the critical challenges is to use modern technology and knowledge to develop new processes for improving food quality. Given the global food marketplace, there is also a greater need for a means of objectively classifying and differentiating foods. Physical properties, determined by measurable physical parameters, profoundly affect food quality and can be used for these determinations. Physical Properties of Foods: Novel Measurement Techniques and Applications presents a wide range of these practical, low-cost techniques to characterize physical properties without destroying the food. The book presents principles and measurement techniques, highlighting the latest methods and their ability to replace the traditional costly, time-consuming ones. It also covers the application of the measurements to classify and differentiate various foods, including fruits, vegetables, cereals, and dairy and meat products. The text gathers up-to-date procedures for determining the most important physical parameters that characterize food quality, many of which have not previously been sufficiently described in the literature, and delivers them in one useful volume. It includes methods based on a variety of technologies such as electronics, spectroscopy, mechanics, and acoustic response—which can be applied to a wide range of foods. With a focus on practical application of novel techniques, chapters specify method details, the type of food to which it has been applied, the accuracy, its ability to replace traditional techniques, as well as whether it can be installed on line. Written by internationally renowned engineers and scientists, this reference offers crucial information in an easily accessible format for engineers, researchers, and those in the food industry—all who will benefit from the cutting-edge practices described for measuring parameters that affect food quality and food characterization. The text is also an excellent resource for students and university researchers.










Reasoning in Measurement


Book Description

This collection offers a new understanding of the epistemology of measurement. The interdisciplinary volume explores how measurements are produced, for example, in astronomy and seismology, in studies of human sexuality and ecology, in brain imaging and intelligence testing. It considers photography as a measurement technology and Henry David Thoreau's poetic measures as closing the gap between mind and world. By focusing on measurements as the hard-won results of conceptual as well as technical operations, the authors of the book no longer presuppose that measurement is always and exclusively a means of representing some feature of a target object or entity. Measurement also provides knowledge about the degree to which things have been standardized or harmonized – it is an indicator of how closely human practices are attuned to each other and the world.




Chemistry


Book Description

Textbook outling concepts of molecular science.