Reasoning Backward


Book Description

"In solving a problem of this sort, the grand thing is to be able to reason backward" Holmes explained. "That is a very useful accomplishment, and a very easy one, but people do not practice it much..." Most problem solvers reason forward from cause to effect. They brainstorm root causes by asking, "What could be the root causes?" Then they start guessing, which is slow and ineffective. This approach rarely finds every root cause, so it rarely develops complete solutions. The best strategy reasons backward from effect to cause, using Sherlock Holmes' strategy of observation and deduction. Problem solvers ask, "What is different when problems occur?" Reasoning backward is four times more effective than reasoning forward. One set of problem-solving tools based on Holmes' strategy delivers superior results, but it is not well known. This book introduces Holmes' strategy and these tools for the first time. Now, anyone can become an exceptional problem solver.




Reasoning Backwards


Book Description

American schools don't teach students how to solve problems, but ever since 2008, Japanese schools do.Fortunately for America, there are two strategies for solving problems, and the Japanese strategy reasons forwards from cause to effect. They brainstorm root causes by asking, "What COULD BE the root causes?" Then, they start guessing, which is slow and ineffective. This approach rarely finds every root cause, so it rarely develops complete solutions.The better approach reasons backwards from effect to cause, using Sherlock Holmes' strategy of Observation and Deduction. Problem solvers ask, "What IS different when problems occur?" They observe the situation to discover clues that quickly identify every root cause, which leads to complete solutions. Reasoning backwards is 4 times more effective than reasoning forwards.One set of problem solving tools based on Holmes' strategy delivers superior results, but it has never been taught in school. Now, this book introduces Holmes' strategy and these tools to students. For the first time, students can leave school prepared to be world-class problem solvers.







Backward Chaining


Book Description

What Is Backward Chaining The process of making an inference known as "working backward from the goal" is another name for the technique known as "backward chaining." It is implemented in automated theorem provers, inference engines, proof assistants, and other applications that fall under the umbrella of artificial intelligence. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Backward Chaining Chapter 2: Automated Theorem Proving Chapter 3: Inference Engine Chapter 4: Game Theory Chapter 5: Backward Induction Chapter 6: Retrograde Analysis Chapter 7: Logic Programming Chapter 8: SLD Resolution Chapter 9: Forward Chaining Chapter 10: Prolog (II) Answering the public top questions about backward chaining. (III) Real world examples for the usage of backward chaining in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of backward chaining' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of backward chaining.




Backward Fuzzy Rule Interpolation


Book Description

This book chiefly presents a novel approach referred to as backward fuzzy rule interpolation and extrapolation (BFRI). BFRI allows observations that directly relate to the conclusion to be inferred or interpolated from other antecedents and conclusions. Based on the scale and move transformation interpolation, this approach supports both interpolation and extrapolation, which involve multiple hierarchical intertwined fuzzy rules, each with multiple antecedents. As such, it offers a means of broadening the applications of fuzzy rule interpolation and fuzzy inference. The book deals with the general situation, in which there may be more than one antecedent value missing for a given problem. Two techniques, termed the parametric approach and feedback approach, are proposed in an attempt to perform backward interpolation with multiple missing antecedent values. In addition, to further enhance the versatility and potential of BFRI, the backward fuzzy interpolation method is extended to support α-cut based interpolation by employing a fuzzy interpolation mechanism for multi-dimensional input spaces (IMUL). Finally, from an integrated application analysis perspective, experimental studies based upon a real-world scenario of terrorism risk assessment are provided in order to demonstrate the potential and efficacy of the hierarchical fuzzy rule interpolation methodology.




Reasoning and Choice


Book Description

A major new theoretical explanation of how ordinary people decide what to favour and what to oppose politically.




The Backward Child


Book Description

The Backward Child by Burt Cyril: Burt Cyril's compassionate and insightful work delves into the understanding and support of children with learning differences. This book offers valuable guidance for parents, educators, and caregivers, highlighting the importance of empathy, patience, and tailored approaches to helping backward learners thrive. Key Aspects of the Book "The Backward Child": Understanding Learning Differences: Cyril sheds light on the challenges faced by backward learners and the need for individualized support. Empowering Parents and Educators: The book equips parents and educators with tools and strategies to create a nurturing and inclusive learning environment. Advocacy for Backward Learners: "The Backward Child" advocates for breaking stigmas surrounding learning differences and fostering a supportive community for children. Burt Cyril was a compassionate educator and advocate for children with learning differences. His dedication to understanding the needs of backward learners and helping them reach their potential has left a lasting impact on the field of education. In "The Backward Child," Cyril's insights and guidance continue to inspire a more inclusive and compassionate approach to supporting children with diverse learning needs.




Interactive Theorem Proving


Book Description

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving, ITP 2018, held in Oxford, UK, in July 2018. The 32 full papers and 5 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 65 submissions. The papers feature research in the area of logical frameworks and interactive proof assistants. The topics include theoretical foundations and implementation aspects of the technology, as well as applications to verifying hardware and software systems to ensure their safety and security, and applications to the formal verication of mathematical results. Chapters 2, 10, 26, 29, 30 and 37 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.




Abductive Reasoning


Book Description

Abductive Reasoning: Logical Investigations into Discovery and Explanation is a much awaited original contribution to the study of abductive reasoning, providing logical foundations and a rich sample of pertinent applications. Divided into three parts on the conceptual framework, the logical foundations, and the applications, this monograph takes the reader for a comprehensive and erudite tour through the taxonomy of abductive reasoning, via the logical workings of abductive inference ending with applications pertinent to scientific explanation, empirical progress, pragmatism and belief revision.




International Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence


Book Description

This book is a must reference for all disciplines - business, science, education and engineering. This important work contains over 2,500 entries - defined, explained and illustrated - and detailed discussion of major concepts as well as topics in related disciplines. This volume is cross-referenced, has an annotated bibliography and an extensive appendix of WWW sites on the latest trends in artificial intelligence.