Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy


Book Description

This book argues that - in terms of institutional design, the allocation of power and privilege, and the lived experiences of citizens - democracy often does not restart the political game after displacing authoritarianism. Democratic institutions are frequently designed by the outgoing authoritarian regime to shield incumbent elites from the rule of law and give them an unfair advantage over politics and the economy after democratization. Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy systematically documents and analyzes the constitutional tools that outgoing authoritarian elites use to accomplish these ends, such as electoral system design, legislative appointments, federalism, legal immunities, constitutional tribunal design, and supermajority thresholds for change. The study provides wide-ranging evidence for these claims using data that spans the globe and dates from 1800 to the present. Albertus and Menaldo also conduct detailed case studies of Chile and Sweden. In doing so, they explain why some democracies successfully overhaul their elite-biased constitutions for more egalitarian social contracts.




Economic Reforms in Chile


Book Description

This book provides an in-depth analysis of neo-liberal and progressive economic reforms and policies implemented in Chile since the Pinochet dictatorship. The core thesis of the book is that there is not just 'one Chilean economic model', but that several have been in force since the coup of 1973.




Organizing Civil Society


Book Description




The State and Capital in Chile


Book Description

Chile emerged from military rule in the 1990s as a leader of free market economic reform and democratic stability, and other countries now look to it for lessons in policy design, sequencing, and timing. Explanations for economic change in Chile generally focus on strong authoritarianism under General Augusto Pinochet and the insulation of policymakers from the influence of social groups, especially business and landowners. In this book Eduardo Silva argues that such a view underplays the role of entrepreneurs and landowners in Chile's neoliberal transformation and, hence, their potential effect on economic reform elsewhere. He shows how shifting coalitions of businesspeople and landowners with varying power resources influenced policy formulation and affected policy outcomes. He then examines the consequences of coalitional shifts for Chile's transition to democracy, arguing that the absence of a multiclass opposition that included captialists facilitated a political transition based on the authoritarian constitution of 1980 and inhibited its alternative. This situation helped to define the current style of consensual politics that, with respect to the question of social equity, has deepened a neoliberal model of welfare statism, rather than advanced a social democratic one.




State, Market, and Democracy in Chile


Book Description

Through an in-depth analysis of the Chilean labour market, social welfare, and state reforms, this book reveals the manner in which neoliberal reform in Chile has undermined the urban poor's incentives and ability to hold public officials accountable, negatively affecting the quality of Chilean democracy.




Chile


Book Description

Many former members of the democratic opposition to the Augusto Pinochet regime (1973-1990) now find it difficult to separate its largely successful free-market economic model from the repressive political climate under which the model was implemented. Can the economic successes of the free-market model - based on policies recommended and implemented by the so-called Chicago boys for the former military government - survive after the restoration of civil, political and human rights in full? David E. Hojman addresses this key question and assesses the changes of economic - and political - success for the current administration of Patricio Aylwin and for future democratic governments.




Free Market Democracy and the Chilean and Mexican Countryside


Book Description

This book examines the relationship between free markets and democracy. It demonstrates how the implementation of even very painful free-market economic reforms in Chile and Mexico have helped to consolidate democratic politics without engendering a backlash against either reform or democratization. This national-level compatibility between free markets and democracy, however, is founded on their rural incompatibility. In the countryside, free-market reforms socially isolate peasants to such a degree that they become unable to organize independently, and are vulnerable to the pressures of local economic elites. This helps to create an electoral coalition behind free-market reforms that is critically based in some of the market's biggest victims: the peasantry. The book concludes that the comparatively stable free-market democracy in Latin America hinges critically on its defects in the countryside; conservative, free-market elites may consent to open politics only if they have a rural electoral redoubt.




Chile and the Neoliberal Trap


Book Description

This book analyzes Chile's political economy and its attempt to build a market society in a highly inegalitarian country.




After Pinochet


Book Description

With the accession of Ricardo Lagos to the presidency in 2000, Chile's Concertacion coalition drew together the country's two major historical antagonists, the Socialists and the Christian Democrats. Borzutzky and Oppenheim bring together American and Chilean scholars to provide the first overall assessment of this coalition's history and achievements. With a special emphasis on the Lagos government, the contributors measure the impact of three consecutive administrations on the crucial issues of human rights, civil-military relations, the nature of a political party system, the transformation of church-state relations, foreign and economic policies, social security, and health policies. These are new and important insights into the challenges facing Chile as a model democracy. Among the central questions they ask: How do postauthoritarian administrations deal with the troubling legacy of such regimes? To what extent do unresolved human rights violations and military power constitute an obstacle to democracy? How has the Chilean Catholic Church influenced the evolution of democratic institutions? Scholars of Latin American, political, and economic studies will welcome this comprehensive but concisely written volume. Silvia Borzutzky is director of the political science program at Carnegie Mellon University. Lois Hecht Oppenheim is professor of political science at the University of Judaism in Los Angeles.




The International Mobility of Talent


Book Description

Entrepreneurs, technical experts, professionals, international students, writers, and artists are among the most highly mobile people in the global economy today. These talented elite often originate from developing countries and migrate to industrial economies. Many return home with new ideas, experiences, and capital useful for national development, whilst others remain to produce quality goods and services that are useful everywhere in the global economy. The economic potential of globalization is ultimately dependent on the international mobility of highly talented individuals that transfer knowledge, new technologies, ideas, business capacities, and other creative capabilities. Developing countries and advanced economies may both gain from this mobility if it is effectively and smartly managed. This volume, with original contributions from outstanding international experts in the subject, provides a novel analysis of the main determinants and development impact of talent mobility in the global economy.