Urban Planning Theory Since 1945


Book Description

Taylor describes the development of urban planning ideas since the end of the Second World War, outlining the main theories from the traditional view of planning as an exercise in physical design to recent views of planning as 'communicative action'.




Introduction to Urban Science


Book Description

A novel, integrative approach to cities as complex adaptive systems, applicable to issues ranging from innovation to economic prosperity to settlement patterns. Human beings around the world increasingly live in urban environments. In Introduction to Urban Science, Luis Bettencourt takes a novel, integrative approach to understanding cities as complex adaptive systems, claiming that they require us to frame the field of urban science in a way that goes beyond existing theory in such traditional disciplines as sociology, geography, and economics. He explores the processes facilitated by and, in many cases, unleashed for the first time by urban life through the lenses of social heterogeneity, complex networks, scaling, circular causality, and information. Though the idea that cities are complex adaptive systems has become mainstream, until now those who study cities have lacked a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding cities and urbanization, for generating useful and falsifiable predictions, and for constructing a solid body of empirical evidence so that the discipline of urban science can continue to develop. Bettencourt applies his framework to such issues as innovation and development across scales, human reasoning and strategic decision-making, patterns of settlement and mobility and their influence on socioeconomic life and resource use, inequality and inequity, biodiversity, and the challenges of sustainable development in both high- and low-income nations. It is crucial, says Bettencourt, to realize that cities are not "zero-sum games" and that knowledge, human cooperation, and collective action can build a better future.




Integrated Urban Systems Modeling: Theory and Applications


Book Description

A wide range of books on urban systems models are available today for the student of urban planning, geography, and economics. There are few, if any, books, however, that deal with integrated urban systems modeling from the operational viewpoint. The term "integrated" is used here in the same sense as the "general equilibrium", in contrast to such approaches as "sequential" or "partial equilibrium". In fact, the main thesis of this book is that the characteristics of ur ban activity that best distinguish it from rural activity are (1) the intensive use of urban land and (2) urban congestion. On this basis, models that are introduced in this book are three- dimensional in character and produce urban land use configurations with explicit optimal density of urban pro duction activities along with optimal levels of transportation congestion. It is also assumed that both public and private sectors play significant roles in shaping urban forms, structures, and functions in mixed economic systems. From this viewpoint, models developed in this book address two integrated decision-making procedures: one by the public sector, which provides urban infrastructure and public services, and the other one by the private sector, which uses provided infrastructure and public services in pursuing parochial interests.




A Systems View of Planning


Book Description

Physical change and human ecology; What is planning?; Systems; Planning as a conceptual system; On space and spatial planning; Goals; Projecting the system: What is the future?; Models; Some operational models and their underlying theories; Modelling "the whole system"; Evaluation; A spatial method for regional planning; Satisfaction or optimisation? The bounds of rationality; Plan or programme?; A mixed-programming strategy.




A New Theory of Urban Design


Book Description

The venerable cities of the past, such as Venice or Amsterdam, convey a feeling of wholeness, an organic unity that surfaces in every detail, large and small, in restaurants, shops, public gardens, even in balconies and ornaments. But this sense of wholeness is lacking in modern urban design, with architects absorbed in problems of individual structures, and city planners preoccupied with local ordinances, it is almost impossible to achieve. In this groundbreaking volume, architect and planner Christopher Alexander presents a new theory of urban design which attempts to recapture the process by which cities develop organically. To discover the kinds of laws needed to create a growing whole in a city, Alexander proposes here a preliminary set of seven rules which embody the process at a practical level and which are consistent with the day-to-day demands of urban development. He then puts these rules to the test, setting out with a number of his graduate students to simulate the urban redesign of a high-density part of San Francisco, initiating a project that encompassed some ninety different design problems, including warehouses, hotels, fishing piers, a music hall, and a public square. This extensive experiment is documented project by project, with detailed discussion of how each project satisfied the seven rules, accompanied by floorplans, elevations, street grids, axonometric diagrams and photographs of the scaled-down model which clearly illustrate the discussion. A New Theory of Urban Design provides an entirely new theoretical framework for the discussion of urban problems, one that goes far to remedy the defects which cities have today.




Modelling Urban Development with Geographical Information Systems and Cellular Automata


Book Description

Urban development and migration from rural to urban areas are impacting prime agricultural land and natural landscapes, particularly in the less developed countries. These phenomena will persist and require serious study by those monitoring global environmental change. To address this need, various models have been devised to analyze urbanization a




Understanding Systems Theory


Book Description

At its core, systems theory is an interdisciplinary framework for understanding the complex and interconnected nature of various elements within a system. It transcends traditional approaches that focus on individual components, advocating for a holistic perspective. Systems theory examines how parts of a system interact, influence each other, and contribute to the system’s overall behavior and outcomes. This approach is crucial in today’s world, where challenges are increasingly complex and interlinked, requiring solutions that consider the entirety of the system. Understanding Systems Theory is tailored for a broad audience. It serves as an essential resource for students across disciplines such as business, engineering, social sciences, and environmental studies, providing a foundational understanding of systems thinking. For academics and researchers, it offers in-depth analyses and the latest developments in systems theory. Professionals and practitioners will find practical applications and strategies to address systemic challenges in their respective fields, from organizational management to environmental sustainability. This book demystifies systems theory, breaking it down into digestible concepts, illustrated with real-world examples and case studies. It systematically guides the reader through the key principles, methodologies, and applications of systems thinking. Each chapter is crafted to build upon the previous one, gradually deepening the reader’s understanding while maintaining clarity and accessibility. Understanding Systems Theory is organized into ten distinct but interconnected parts, each focusing on a different aspect of systems theory: Introduction to Systems Theory: Laying the foundational concepts and significance of systems thinking Foundations of Systems Theory: Delving into the core principles and elements that constitute systems System Modeling and Analysis: Exploring methodologies and tools for modeling and analyzing systems Systems in Various Domains: Applying systems theory across different sectors and disciplines Advanced Systems Theory Concepts: Discussing more complex and emerging ideas in systems theory Systems Thinking Tools and Techniques: Providing practical tools and techniques for implementing systems thinking Organizational Systems and Change: Focusing on the application of systems theory in organizational contexts Contemporary Issues in Systems Theory: Addressing modern challenges and the role of systems thinking in resolving them Systems Theory in Research and Education: Exploring the role of systems theory in academic research and educational curricula Applied Systems Theory: Demonstrating the practical applications of systems theory in various real-world scenarios Each part consists of carefully structured chapters that progress from fundamental concepts to more advanced topics, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of systems theory and its vast applicability. We invite you on this journey through Understanding Systems Theory, confident that it will enrich your perspective and equip you with the tools to think and act systemically in an increasingly interconnected world.




Urban Complexity and Planning


Book Description

In recent years, there has been a new understanding of how cities evolve and function, which reflects the emergent paradigm of complexity. The crux of this view is that cities are created by differentiated actors involved in individual, small-scale projects interacting in a complex way in the urban development process. This 'bottom up' approach to urban modeling not only transforms our understanding of cities, but also improves our capabilities of harnessing the urban development process. For example, we used to think that plans control urban development in an aggregate, holistic way, but what actually happens is that plans only affect differentiated actors in seeking their goals through information. In other words, plans and regulations set restrictions or incentives of individual behaviour in the urban development process through imposing rights, information, and prices, and the analysis of the effects of plans and regulations must take into account the complex urban dynamics at a disaggregate level of the urban development process. Computer simulations provide a rigorous, promising analytic tool that serves as a supplement to the traditional, mathematical approach to depicting complex urban dynamics. Based on the emergent paradigm of complexity, the book provides an innovative set of arguments about how we can gain a better understanding of how cities emerge and function through computer simulations, and how plans affect the evolution of complex urban systems in a way distinct from what we used to think they should. Empirical case studies focus on the development of a compact urban hierarchy in Taiwan, China, and the USA, but derive more generalizable principles and relationships among cities, complexity, and planning.