Teratogenesis and Reproductive Toxicology


Book Description

The resolution of links between exposure to components of our complex environmental and causation of reproductive effects in the population constitutes an important problem in the field of toxicology. The focus of this volume is developmental toxicology, which represents one aspect of reproductive toxicology dealing with the study of adverse effects on the developing conceptus. Developmental toxicology, which includes teratogenesis as one of its manifesta tions, provides a fertile field for research in several basic and clinical disciplines; this field also receives input from several disoiplines such as developmental and molecu lar biology, pathology, pharmacology and toxicology, pediatrics and neonatology, and epidemiology. More recently we h~ve seen an emergence of interest in other fields such as perinatal physiology and postnatal behavior which have now become incorporated into the mainstream of research in this discipline. The present volume is an effort to provide a sampling of concepts currently under active investigation in several of the above fields. The authors have endeavored to provide up-to-date in formation on the following topics: detection and analysis of potential hazards to the conceptus in the workplace, pharmacokinetic aspects of the maternal/placental! fetal complex and its relationship to human birth defects, and probable mechanisms of teratogenesis as uncovered in certain well-defined situations. Also included are summaries of newer investigations on the emerging field of postnatal functional evaluations, i. e. , adverse effects on adult activities resultant from in utero exposure to toxic substances.




Drinking Water and Health,


Book Description

The most recent volume in the Drinking Water and Health series contains the results of a two-part study on the toxicity of drinking water contaminants. The first part examines current practices in risk assessment, identifies new noncancerous toxic responses to chemicals found in drinking water, and discusses the use of pharmacokinetic data to estimate the delivered dose and response. The second part of the book provides risk assessments for 14 specific compounds, 9 presented here for the first time.




Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology


Book Description

Completely revised and updated, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology: A Practical Approach, Second Edition draws together valuable information typically scattered throughout the literature, plus some not previously published, into one complete resource. In addition to the traditional aspects of developmental toxicity testing, the book covers e







Handbook of Developmental Toxicology


Book Description

Developmental toxicology, an increasingly important area, encompasses the study of toxicant effects on development, from conception through puberty. The Handbook of Developmental Toxicology provides useful insights gained from hands-on experience, as well as a theoretical foundation. In this convenient reference you will find information not previously gathered in one source-including comparative developmental milestones, historical data, and a glossary of terms used in developmental toxicity evaluation. This handbook is a practical guide for individuals who are responsible for testing chemical agents and for regulatory scientists who must evaluate studies, interpret data, and perform risk assessments. Packed with features, the Handbook of Developmental Toxicology is ideal for training students and technicians in developmental toxicology.




Issues and Reviews in Teratology


Book Description

Why Efforts to Expand the Meaning of "Teratogen" Are Unacceptable Disagreement about nomenclature in teratology is not new. Dissent even about the very fabric of the discipline-what congenital malformations consist of-has often been voiced. Time, instead of resolving such diffi culties, has sometimes worsened them. For example, in the past it was agreed that congenital malforma tions are abnormalities of structure present at birth, but differences of opinion concerning where the line between normal and abnormal was to be drawn prevailed. It was obvious that, in order to discover the causes of congenital malformations and cast strategies for their prevention, it would be necessary to have knowledge of the baseline of their frequency, and that this required uniformity of definition of terms. Since malfor mations of primary social concern are those having grave outcomes (and are, paradoxically, also the commonest ones), it is logical that such condi tions were the first consideration of investigators and were the defects whose frequency was considered to comprise the required baseline.




Principles and Methods of Toxicology, Fifth Edition


Book Description

Founded on the paradox that all things are poisons and the difference between poison and remedy is quantity, the determination of safe dosage forms the base and focus of modern toxicology. In order to make a sound determination there must be a working knowledge of the biologic mechanisms involved and of the methods employed to define these mechanisms. While the vastness of the field and the rapid accumulation of data may preclude the possibility of absorbing and retaining more than a fraction of the available information, a solid understanding of the underlying principles is essential. Extensively revised and updated with four new chapters and an expanded glossary, this fifth edition of the classic text, Principles and Methods of Toxicology provides comprehensive coverage in a manageable and accessible format. New topics include 'toxicopanomics', plant and animal poisons, information resources, and non-animal testing alternatives. Emphasizing the cornerstones of toxicology-people differ, dose matters, and things change, the book begins with a review of the history of toxicology and followed by an explanation of basic toxicological principles, agents that cause toxicity, target organ toxicity, and toxicological testing methods including many of the test protocols required to meet regulatory needs worldwide. The book examines each method or procedure from the standpoint of technique and interpretation of data and discusses problems and pitfalls that may be associated with each. The addition of several new authors allow for a broader and more diverse treatment of the ever-changing and expanding field of toxicology. Maintaining the high-quality information and organizational framework that made the previous editions so successful, Principles and Methods of Toxicology, Fifth Edition continues to be a valuable resource for the advanced practitioner as well as the new disciple of toxicology.




Biochemical Pharmacology of Blood and Bloodforming Organs


Book Description

The subject of this volume is to review chemical agents which affect blood and blood-forming organs. Significant ad- vances made over the past several years in the purification of several hematopoietic growth factors, such as erythro- poietin and colony stimulating factor; the availability of several other growth factors, such as the interleukins which are important in regulating the production of red blood cells, leukocytes, megakaryocytes and platelets are discus- sed. Numerous toxic chemical substances are being produced in our environment which people are exposed todaily causing a suppression of erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis and megakaryo- cytopoiesis. Attempts to evaluate both the therapeutic role of some of the newer growth factors, such as erythropoietin in the anemia of end stage disease, as well as colony stimu- lating factors in somehematopoietic abnormalities are also covered in this volume. In addition, numerous chemical fac- tors in our environment which suppress major hematopoietic lineages stimulated by erythropoietin, macrophage colony stimulating factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, interleukin 1-alpha, 1-beta, 2,3,4,5,6, and 7 are also in- cluded. In addition, chapters on the use of erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia of end stage renal disease can provide the practicing hematologist and nephrologist with updated information on the use of erythropoietin for this disease. The book includes chapters on the fundamental con- trol of hematopoiesis and other mechanisms of action of erythropoietin, and finally an up-to-date overview of the chemotherapy of leukemia. This book will prove useful to in- vestigators in the fields of pharmacology, physiology, nephrology, urology, hematology, pathology, endocrinology, biochemistry, and molecular and cell biology.




Toxicology of Inhaled Materials


Book Description

This book deals with the methods and scientific basis of inhalation toxicology. It describes devices and facilities needed to expose animals to inhaled particles and gases as well as approaches to estimating or measuring the fraction of the inhaled material that is retained in the respiratory tract. The book then reviews the evergrowing repertoire of techniques that can be used to measure the responses elicited by the exposure. Quantitative and qualitative anatomical, physiological, and biochemical strategies are discussed in detail. We believe that the toxicology of inhaled materials is an important and timely topic for several'reasons. During the past decade, morbidity and mortality attributable to cardiovascular disease have significantly decreased. Progress in combatting cancer, the second most important cause of death, has been slower, and lung cancer actually became the leading cause of death in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. In addition, the incidence of non-neo plastic respiratory diseases such as emphysema, fibrosis, and chronic bronchitis has increased the past decade. In the United States, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has recently reported that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affects nearly 10 miliion persons and accounts for 59,000 deaths yearly; indeed, it ranks as the fifth leading cause of death. Because the incidence is increasing, the NIH estimates that it may become the nation's fourth or even third leading cause of death by the year 2000.




Pharmacology of Intestinal Permeation I


Book Description

The intestine, particularly the small bowel, represents a large surface (in the adult 2 human approximately 200m ) through which the body is exposed to its environment. A vigorous substrate exchange takes place across this large surface: nutrients and xenobiotics are absorbed from the lumen into the bloodstream or the lymph, and simultaneously, the same types of substrate pass back into the lumen. The luminal surface of the intestine is lined with a "leaky" epithelium, thus the passage of the substrates, in either direction, proceeds via both transcellular and intercellular routes. Simple and carrier-mediated diffusion, active transport, pinocytosis, phagocytosis and persorption are all involved in this passage across the intestinal wall. The term "intestinal permeation" refers to the process of passage of various substances across the gut wall, either from the lumen into the blood or lymph, or in the opposite direction. "Permeability" is the condition of the gut which governs the rate of this complex two-way passage. The pharmacologist's interest in the problem of intestinal permeation is twofold: on the one hand, this process determines thebioavailability of drugs and contributes significantly to the pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of xeno biotics; on the other hand, the pharmacodynamic effects of many drugs are manifested in a significant alteration of the physiological process of intestinal permeation.