› › The Impact Of Urban Expansion On Land Surface Temperatures In Sulaymaniyah City

The impact of urban expansion on land surface temperatures in Sulaymaniyah City

Author : Pakiza Saied

Publisher : GRIN Verlag

Page : 88 pages

File Size : 15,4 MB

Release : 2015-12-18

Category : Technology & Engineering

ISBN : 3668112452

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Book Description

Master's Thesis from the year 2013 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Cartography, Geographic Information Science and Geodesy, Sheffield Hallam University, language: English, abstract: This research examines the changes in land use/land cover in the city of Sulaymaniyah north of Iraq and identifies land surface temperature variations among the land cover types. The primary aim of this study is to use Landsat-5 TM imagery with GIS techniques to study and investigate the impact of urban expansion on land surface temperature (LST) for three year periods. Three Landsat 5 TM images were obtained in July 1984, August 2000 and October 2010. Land use categories were derived through the use of supervised classification techniques and the land surface temperature was obtained by computing the brightness temperature from the satellite sensor. The result showed that between 1984 and 2010, there was a mild decrease in open and barren lands from 69.3% in 1984 to 57.2% in 2010 while the built-up areas increased from 11.5% in 1984 to 15.5% in 2000 and reached 25.5% by 2010.The political and economic changes in the study area are the main factors behind the recent urban expansion. The lowest LST readings were taken from the vegetation lands with values of 28oC in 1984, 29oC in 2000 and 34oC in 2010. The barren lands recorded the highest temperature of 38oC, 38oC and 34oC for the years 1984, 2000 and 2010 respectively. An interesting observation in this study is the fact that the urban areas where found to be cooler than its surroundings zones. This is revealed by the LST analysis conducted, with the recent increase in green spaces in the city playing a major role in cooling the temperature there. In relating NDVI to LST, the study found a strong negative correlation between them having derived correlation values of the values of (-0.70), (-0.69) and (-0.73) for 1984, 2000 and 2010 respectively. Conclusively, remote sensing and GIS proved to be very effective in studying and monitoring the relationship between urban growth and surface temperature. Recommendations were made to encourage the expansion of urban surfaces into the surrounding areas, especially barren lands, in order to cool those areas.



Advances in Remote Sensing and Geo Informatics Applications

Author : Hesham M. El-Askary

Publisher : Springer

Page : 329 pages

File Size : 46,34 MB

Release : 2018-12-29

Category : Nature

ISBN : 3030014401

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Book Description

This edited volume is based on the best papers accepted for presentation during the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018. The book compiles a wide range of topics addressing various issues by experienced researchers mainly from research institutes in the Mediterranean, MENA region, North America and Asia. Remote sensing observations can close gaps in information scarcity by complementing ground-based sparse data. Spatial, spectral, temporal and radiometric characteristics of satellites sensors are most suitable for features identification. The local to global nature and broad spatial scale of remote sensing with the wide range of spectral coverage are essential characteristics, which make satellites an ideal platform for mapping, observation, monitoring, assessing and providing necessary mitigation measures and control for different related Earth's systems processes. Main topics in this book include: Geo-informatics Applications, Land Use / Land Cover Mapping and Change Detection, Emerging Remote Sensing Applications, Rock Formations / Soil Lithology Mapping, Vegetation Mapping Impact and Assessment, Natural Hazards Mapping and Assessment, Ground Water Mapping and Assessment, Coastal Management of Marine Environment and Atmospheric Sensing.



The Urban Heat Island

Author : Iain D. Stewart

Publisher : Elsevier

Page : 184 pages

File Size : 37,49 MB

Release : 2021-05-25

Category : Science

ISBN : 0128156902

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Book Description

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is an area of growing interest for many people studying the urban environment and local/global climate change. The UHI has been scientifically studied for 200 years and, although it is an apparently simple phenomenon, there is considerable confusion around the different types of UHI and their assessment. The Urban Heat Island—A Guidebook provides simple instructions for measuring and analysing the phenomenon, as well as greater context for defining the UHI and the impacts it can have. Readers will be empowered to work within a set of guidelines that enable direct comparison of UHI effects across diverse settings, while informing a wide range of climate mitigation and adaptation programs to modify human behaviour and the built form. This opens the door to true global assessments of local climate change in cities. Urban planning and design strategies can then be evaluated for their effectiveness at mitigating these changes. - Covers both on-surface and near-surface, or canopy, measurements and impacts of Urban Heat Islands (UHI) - Provides a set of best practices and guidelines for UHI observation and analysis - Includes both conceptual overviews and practical instructions for a wide range of uses



New Metropolitan Perspectives

Author : Carmelina Bevilacqua

Publisher : Springer Nature

Page : 2196 pages

File Size : 12,19 MB

Release : 2020-08-31

Category : Technology & Engineering

ISBN : 3030482790

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Book Description

​This book presents the outcomes of the symposium “NEW METROPOLITAN PERSPECTIVES,” held at Mediterranea University, Reggio Calabria, Italy on May 26–28, 2020. Addressing the challenge of Knowledge Dynamics and Innovation-driven Policies Towards Urban and Regional Transition, the book presents a multi-disciplinary debate on the new frontiers of strategic and spatial planning, economic programs and decision support tools in connection with urban–rural area networks and metropolitan centers. The respective papers focus on six major tracks: Innovation dynamics, smart cities and ICT; Urban regeneration, community-led practices and PPP; Local development, inland and urban areas in territorial cohesion strategies; Mobility, accessibility and infrastructures; Heritage, landscape and identity;and Risk management,environment and energy. The book also includes a Special Section on Rhegion United Nations 2020-2030. Given its scope, the book will benefit all researchers, practitioners and policymakers interested in issues concerning metropolitan and marginal areas.



Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Iraq

Author : Ayad M. Fadhil Al-Quraishi

Publisher : Springer

Page : 529 pages

File Size : 13,89 MB

Release : 2020-09-13

Category : Science

ISBN : 9783030213466

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Book Description

This unique book focuses on remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) in Iraq. The environmental applications include monitoring and mapping soil salinity and prediction of soil properties, monitoring and mapping of land threats, proximal sensing for soil monitoring and soil fertility, spatiotemporal land use/cover, agricultural drought monitoring, hydrological applications including spatial rainfall distribution, surface runoff and drought control, geo-morphometric analysis and flood simulation, hydrologic and hydraulic modelling and the effective management of water resources. Also, this book assesses the impacts of climate change on natural resources using both RS and GIS, as well as other applications, covering different parts of Iraq. The book chapters include tens of maps extracted from the remotely sensed datasets, in addition to tables and statistical relations obtained from the results of the studies of the chapters' authors. These studies have been conducted in different parts of Iraq; in the north (Kurdistan region) with its mountainous and undulating lands, in western parts which have desert soils, and in central and southern Iraq where there are salty soils, dunes, wetlands, and marshes. The book is written by distinguished scientists from Iraq, China, USA, Italy, Iran, Germany, and the Czech Republic who are interested in the Iraqi environment. The book is therefore a useful source of information and knowledge on Iraqi environment for graduate students, researchers, policy planners, and stakeholders in Iraq as well as similar regions.



The Mobility of Displaced Syrians

Author : World Bank

Publisher : World Bank Publications

Page : 293 pages

File Size : 30,63 MB

Release : 2020-01-27

Category : Business & Economics

ISBN : 1464814023

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Book Description

The war in Syria, now in its eighth year, continues to take its toll on the Syrian people. More than half of the population of Syria remains displaced; 5.6 million persons are registered as refugees outside of the country and another 6.2 million are displaced within Syria's borders. The internally displaced persons include 2 million school-age children; of these, less than half attend school. Another 739,000 Syrian children are out of school in the five neighborhood countries that host Syria's refugees. The loss of human capital is staggering, and it will create permanent hardships for generations of Syrians going forward. Despite the tragic prospects for renewed fighting in certain parts of the country, an overall reduction in armed conflict is possible going forward. However, international experience shows that the absence of fighting is rarely a singular trigger for the return of displaced people. Numerous other factors—including improved security and socioeconomic conditions in origin states, access to property and assets, the availability of key services, and restitution in home areas—play important roles in shaping the scale and composition of the returns. Overall, refugees have their own calculus of return that considers all of these factors and assesses available options. The Mobility of Displaced Syrians: An Economic and Social Analysis sheds light on the 'mobility calculus' of Syrian refugees. While dismissing any policies that imply wrongful practices involving forced repatriation, the study analyzes factors that may be considered by refugees in their own decisions to relocate. It provides a conceptual framework, supported by data and analysis, to facilitate an impartial conversation about refugees and their mobility choices. It also explores the diversified policy toolkit that the international community has available—and the most effective ways in which the toolkit can be adapted—to maximize the well-being of refugees, host countries, and the people in Syria.



Geomorphology and Global Environmental Change

Author : Olav Slaymaker

Publisher : Cambridge University Press

Page : 469 pages

File Size : 19,48 MB

Release : 2009-07-02

Category : Nature

ISBN : 0521878128

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Book Description

A statement from the world's leading geomorphologists on the state of, and potential changes to, the environment.



Boots on the ground: Troop Density in Contingency Operations

Author : John J. McGrath

Publisher : Government Printing Office

Page : 212 pages

File Size : 49,10 MB

Release : 2006

Category :

ISBN : 9780160869501

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Book Description

This paper clearly shows the immediate relevancy of historical study to current events. One of the most common criticisms of the U.S. plan to invade Iraq in 2003 is that too few troops were used. The argument often fails to satisfy anyone for there is no standard against which to judge. A figure of 20 troops per 1000 of the local population is often mentioned as the standard, but as McGrath shows, that figure was arrived at with some questionable assumptions. By analyzing seven military operations from the last 100 years, he arrives at an average number of military forces per 1000 of the population that have been employed in what would generally be considered successful military campaigns. He also points out a variety of important factors affecting those numbers-from geography to local forces employed to supplement soldiers on the battlefield, to the use of contractors-among others.



The Urban Climate

Author : Helmut E. Landsberg

Publisher : Academic Press

Page : 289 pages

File Size : 16,28 MB

Release : 1981-08-28

Category : Political Science

ISBN : 0080924190

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Book Description

The Urban Climate aims to summarize analytical studies directed toward physical understanding of the rural-urban differences in the atmospheric boundary layer. Attempts to quantify conditions have met with some success. There is certainly a clear understanding of the physical relations that create the climatic differences of urbanized areas. Although some of the earlier classical studies are cited here, the emphasis is on the work done during the last decade and a half. This volume comprises 11 chapters, beginning with an introductory chapter discussing the literature surrounding the topic, its historical development, and the problem of local climate modification. The second chapter presents an assessment of the urban atmosphere on a synoptic and local scale, and examines the observational procedures involved. The following chapters then go on to discuss urban air composition; urban energy fluxes; the urban heat island; the urban wind field; models of urban temperature and wind fields; moisture, clouds, and hydrometeors; urban hydrology; special aspects of urban climate; and finally, urban planning. This book will be of interest to practitioners in the fields of meteorology, urban planning, and urban climatology.



Operation Iraqi Freedom

Author : Catherine Dale

Publisher : DIANE Publishing

Page : 148 pages

File Size : 26,23 MB

Release : 2011-04

Category : Technology & Engineering

ISBN : 1437920306

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Book Description

Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), the U.S.-led coalition military operation in Iraq, was launched on March 20, 2003, with the goal of removing Saddam Hussein¿s regime and destroying its ability to use weapons of mass destruction. The focus of OIF has shifted from regime removal to helping the Gov¿t. of Iraq improve security, establish a system of governance, and foster economic development. This report addresses these policy issues: Identifying how U.S. national interests and strategic objectives, in Iraq and the region, should guide further U.S. engagement; Monitoring and evaluating the impact of the changes in the U.S. presence and role in Iraq; and Laying the groundwork for a traditional bilateral relationship. Map. A print on demand report.