Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Wood Processing


Book Description

Describing the history and state-of-the-art of the thermo-hydrous manipulation of wood, this book provides either a desk reference or a field manual of wood science. It examines the polymeric components of wood and its multilevel hierarchical structure that confer its unique general-purpose character and faculty for transformation. Exceeding all other material in its capacity to deform under controlled conditions and for a proscribed outcome, wood, under thermo-hydrous conditions, permits a multitude of industrial processes. Discussing the processes at work and the industrial applications, this book is a must for all interested in the manipulation of wood.




Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Wood Processing


Book Description

Describing the history and state-of-the-art of the thermo-hydrous manipulation of wood, this book provides either a desk reference or a field manual of wood science. It examines the polymeric components of wood and its multilevel hierarchical structure that confer its unique general-purpose character and faculty for transformation. Exceeding all ot




Processing Technologies for the Forest and Biobased Products Industries


Book Description

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in April 2010 has shown us that increasing risks and costs have to be accepted to satisfy the increasing demand of material and energy resources from a worldwide perspective. Increasing the recovery of raw materials is one possibility, but another one is increasing efficiency in processing and production. Therefore, the development and improvement of processing technologies is a crucial factor for economic progression. This book contains discussions from the 1st International Conference on Processing Technologies for the Forest and Biobased Products Industries, held in October 2010 at Salzburg University of Applied Sciences Kuchl/Austria. The conference provided a forum for discussions among researchers, producers, and consumers of forest and biobased products and acted as a catalyst for new research on process technologies, on quality control and process improvement, and on new concepts for use by technical managers, operations managers, and business managers. The book presents an overview of new developments in processing technologies in the forest and biobased products industries. (Series: Austria: Forschung und Wissenschaft - Technik)




Wood Modification Technologies


Book Description

The market for durable products using modified wood has increased substantially during the last few years. This is partly because of the restriction on the use of toxic preservatives due to environmental concerns, and to lower maintenance cost and time. Furthermore, as sustainability becomes a greater concern, the environmental impact of construction and interior materials is factored in planning by considering the whole life cycle and embodied energy of the materials used. Wood is modified to improve its intrinsic properties, enhance the range of applications of timber, and to acquire the form and functionality desired by engineers without calling the environmental friendliness into question. Wood modification processes are at various stages of development, and the challenges faced in scaling up to industrial applications differ. The aim of this book is to put together the key elements of the changes of wood constituents and the related changes in wood properties of modified wood. Further, a selection of the principal technologies implemented in wood modification are presented. This work is intended for researchers, professionals of timber construction, as well as students studying the science of materials, civil engineering and architecture. This work is not exhaustive, but intends to deliver an outline of the scientific disciplines necessary to apprehend the technologies of wood modification and its behavior during treatment, as well as during its use.




Challenges in Mechanics of Time Dependent Materials, Volume 2


Book Description

Challenges in Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, Volume 2 of the Proceedings of the 2016 SEM Annual Conference& Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the second volume of ten from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Experimental Mechanics, including papers in the following general technical research areas: Extreme Environments & Environmental Effects Structure-Function of Performance of PE Effects of Inhomogeneities & Interfaces Characterization Across Scales Mechanics of Energy & Energetic Materials Metallic Materials Viscoelasticity & Viscoplasticity




Wood Modification in Europe


Book Description

This report is a result of a questionnaire and subsequent collation of data, which outlines the current status of wood modification across Europe in terms of national inventories and groups that have reported current activity in the respective research areas covered in this report.




Wood-Polymer Composites


Book Description

Wood-polymer composites (WPC) are materials in which wood is impregnated with monomers that are then polymerised in the wood to tailor the material for special applications. The resulting properties of these materials, from lightness and enhanced mechanical properties to greater sustainability, has meant a growing number of applications in such areas as building, construction and automotive engineering. This important book reviews the manufacture of wood-polymer composites, how their properties can be assessed and improved and their range of uses.After an introductory chapter, the book reviews key aspects of manufacture, including raw materials, manufacturing technologies and interactions between wood and synthetic polymers. Building on this foundation, the following group of chapters discusses mechanical and other properties such as durability, creep behaviour and processing performance. The book concludes by looking at orientated wood-polymer composites, wood-polymer composite foams, at ways of assessing performance and at the range of current and future applications.With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Wood-polymer composites is a valuable reference for all those using and studying these important materials. - Provides a comprehensive survey of major new developments in wood-polymer composites - Reviews the key aspects of manufacture, including raw materials and manufacturing technologies - Discusses properties such as durability, creep behaviour and processing performance




Wood Modification


Book Description

This book is exclusively concerned with wood modification, although many of these processes are generic and can be applied to other lignocellulosic materials. There have been many rapid developments in wood modification over the past decade and, in particular, there has been considerable progress made in the commercialisation of technologies. Topics covered include: The use of timber in the 21st century Modifying the properties of wood Chemical modification of wood: Acetic Anhydride Modification and reaction with other chemicals Thermal modification of wood Surface modification Impregnation modification Commercialisation of wood modification Environmental consideration and future developments This is the first time that a book has covered all wood modification technologies in one text. Although the book covers the main research developments in wood modification, it also puts wood modification into context and additionally deals with aspects of commercialisation and environmental impact. This book is very timely, because wood modification is undergoing huge developments at the present time, driven in part by environmental concerns regarding the use of wood treated with certain preservatives. There has been considerable commercial interest shown in wood modification over the past decade, with products based upon thermal modification, and furfurylation now being actively being marketed. The next few years will see the commercialisation of acetylation and impregnation modification. This is a new industry, but one that has enormous potential. This book will prove useful to all those with an interest in wood modification including researchers, technologists and professionals working in wood science and timber engineering, wood preservation, and well as professionals in the paper and pulp industries, and those with an interest in the development of renewable materials.




Superbases for Organic Synthesis


Book Description

Guanidines, amidines and phosphazenes have been attracting attention in organic synthesis due to their potential functionality resulting from their extremely strong basicity. They are also promising catalysts because of their potential for easy molecular modification, possible recyclability, and reduced or zero toxicity. Importantly, these molecules can be derived as natural products – valuable as scientists move towards “sustainable chemistry”, where reagents and catalysts are derived from biomaterial sources. Superbases for Organic Synthesis is an essential guide to these important molecules for preparative organic synthesis. Topics covered include the following aspects: an introduction to organosuperbases physicochemical properties of organic superbases amidines and guanidines in organic synthesis phosphazene: preparation, reaction and catalytic role polymer-supported organosuperbases application of organosuperbases to total synthesis related organocatalysts: proton sponges and urea derivatives amidines and guanidines in natural products and medicines Superbases for Organic Synthesis is a comprehensive, authoritative and up-to-date guide to these important reagents for organic chemists, drug discovery researchers and those interested in the chemistry of natural products.




Wood Variation


Book Description

Wood is the usual end product of a forestry operation. Because of its importance, numerous studies have been made relative to wood prop erties, the causes of wood variation, and how best to develop wood for desired products. There is voluminous literature related to these subjects, but it is neither well known nor appreciated by foresters because the publications are often not available or are not well understood by the forester or by those who use the wood. Frequently, the literature is confusing and contradictory, making it difficult for the nonspecialist to use what information is available. In order to produce and use wood efficiently, the variation pat terns within trees, among trees within species, and among species must be understood. This also requires some knowledge of the causes of variation and the effects of different wood properties upon utiliza tion. The information about variation patterns, their causes, and con trol and effect upon the product must be known by the tree grower, the tree breeder, and the tree harvester as well as by those who ultimately convert wood into a final, salable product.