Uncertainties in Acoustical Transfer Functions


Book Description

Measured transfer functions of acoustic systems are often used to derive single-number parameters. The uncertainty analysis is commonly focused on the derived parameters but not on the transfer function as the primary quantity. This thesis presents an approach to assess the uncertainty contributions in these transfer functions by using analytic models. Uncertainties caused by the measurement method are analyzed with a focus on the underlying signal processing. In particular, the influence of nonlinearities in the acoustic measurement chain are modeled to predict artifacts in the measured signals and hence the calculated acoustic transfer function. Secondly, characterization methods commonly applied in the field of signal processing are linked to the acoustic scenarios and the main influencing parameters. Acoustic parameters are then derived analytically and by means of Monte Carlo simulations considering the uncertainty of these input parameters. In order to provide airborne applications, analytic models for sound barrier and room acoustic measurements are developed incorporating the directivity and the orientation of the sound source as well as the positions of sources and receivers. The simulated uncertainty contributions are validated by measurements. The same approach is also applied to structure-borne sound applications.




Anthropometric Individualization of Head-Related Transfer Functions Analysis and Modeling


Book Description

Human sound localization helps to pay attention to spatially separated speakers using interaural level and time differences as well as angle-dependent monaural spectral cues. In a monophonic teleconference, for instance, it is much more difficult to distinguish between different speakers due to missing binaural cues. Spatial positioning of the speakers by means of binaural reproduction methods using head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) enhances speech comprehension. These HRTFs are influenced by the torso, head and ear geometry as they describe the propagation path of the sound from a source to the ear canal entrance. Through this geometry-dependency, the HRTF is directional and subject-dependent. To enable a sufficient reproduction, individual HRTFs should be used. However, it is tremendously difficult to measure these HRTFs. For this reason this thesis proposes approaches to adapt the HRTFs applying individual anthropometric dimensions of a user. Since localization at low frequencies is mainly influenced by the interaural time difference, two models to adapt this difference are developed and compared with existing models. Furthermore, two approaches to adapt the spectral cues at higher frequencies are studied, improved and compared. Although the localization performance with individualized HRTFs is slightly worse than with individual HRTFs, it is nevertheless still better than with non-individual HRTFs, taking into account the measurement effort.




European Conference on Underwater Acoustics


Book Description

This book represents the proceedings of the Conference on Underwater Acoustics, held in September 1992, to bring together all the various disciplines involved in a forum to present the latest research on all aspects of marine acoustics.




Uncertainty in Acoustics


Book Description

This guide to estimating uncertainties in the measurement, prediction and assessment of noise and vibration applies across environmental noise and vibration, occupational noise and vibration exposure, and building and architectural acoustics. The book collates information from the various Standards and from research, with explanation, examples and case studies. It enables estimation of uncertainty in the measurement and prediction of acoustic quantities, suitable for use in environmental impact and occupational exposure assessments. It is for acoustic consultants, mechanical and building service engineers, architect and building professionals and environmental health officers. Bob Peters worked for more than forty years in acoustics and noise control – teaching, research, consultancy. He was a principal acoustic consultant with Applied Acoustic Design, a senior research fellow at London South Bank University, and a tutor on Institute of Acoustics distance learning courses.




IUTAM Symposium on the Vibration Analysis of Structures with Uncertainties


Book Description

The Symposium was aimed at the theoretical and numerical problems involved in modelling the dynamic response of structures which have uncertain properties due to variability in the manufacturing and assembly process, with automotive and aerospace structures forming prime examples. It is well known that the difficulty in predicting the response statistics of such structures is immense, due to the complexity of the structure, the large number of variables which might be uncertain, and the inevitable lack of data regarding the statistical distribution of these variables. The Symposium participants presented the latest thinking in this very active research area, and novel techniques were presented covering the full frequency spectrum of low, mid, and high frequency vibration problems. It was demonstrated that for high frequency vibrations the response statistics can saturate and become independent of the detailed distribution of the uncertain system parameters. A number of presentations exploited this physical behaviour by using and extending methods originally developed in both phenomenological thermodynamics and in the fields of quantum mechanics and random matrix theory. For low frequency vibrations a number of presentations focussed on parametric uncertainty modelling (for example, probabilistic models, interval analysis, and fuzzy descriptions) and on methods of propagating this uncertainty through a large dynamic model in an effi cient way. At mid frequencies the problem is mixed, and various hybrid schemes were proposed. It is clear that a comprehensive solution to the problem of predicting the vibration response of uncertain structures across the whole frequency range requires expertise across a wide range of areas (including probabilistic and non-probabilistic methods, interval and info-gap analysis, statistical energy analysis, statistical thermodynamics, random wave approaches, and large scale computations) and this IUTAM symposium presented a unique opportunity to bring together outstanding international experts in these fields.




Rotating Machinery, Vibro-Acoustics & Laser Vibrometry, Volume 7


Book Description

Rotating Machinery, Vibro-Acoustics & Laser Vibrometry, Volume 7: Proceedings of the 36th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2018, the seveth volume of nine from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Rotating Machinery, Hybrid Testing, Vibro-Acoustics & Laser Vibrometry, including papers on: Rotating Machinery Vibro-Acoustics Experimental Techniques Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry Methods




Adaptive Feed-Forward Control of Low Frequency Interior Noise


Book Description

This book presents a mechatronic approach to Active Noise Control (ANC). It describes the required elements of system theory, engineering acoustics, electroacoustics and adaptive signal processing in a comprehensive, consistent and systematic manner using a unified notation. Furthermore, it includes a design methodology for ANC-systems, explains its application and describes tools to be used for ANC-system design. From the research point of view, the book presents new approaches to sound source localization in weakly damped interiors. One is based on the inverse finite element method, the other is based on a sound intensity probe with an active free field. Furthermore, a prototype of an ANC-system able to reach the physical limits of local (feed-forward) ANC is described. This is one example for applied research in ANC-system design. Other examples are given for (i) local ANC in a semi-enclosed subspace of an aircraft cargo hold and (ii) for the combination of audio entertainment with ANC.




Sound Reinforcement for Audio Engineers


Book Description

Sound Reinforcement for Audio Engineers illustrates the current state of the art in sound reinforcement. Beginning with an outline of various fields of applications, from sports venues to religious venues, corporate environments and cinemas, this book is split into 11 chapters covering room acoustics, loudspeakers, microphones and acoustic modelling among many other topics. This comprehensive book packed with references and a historical overview of sound reinforcement design is an essential reference book for students of acoustics and electrical engineering, but also for engineers looking to expand their knowledge of designing sound reinforcement systems.




Automotive Tire Noise and Vibrations


Book Description

Automotive Tire Noise and Vibrations: Analysis, Measurement and Simulation presents the latest generation mechanisms of tire/road noise. The book focuses not only on tire/road noise issues from the tire/road structures, materials and dynamics, but also from a whole vehicle system. The analyses cover finite element modeling, mathematical simulations and experimental tests, including works done to mitigate noise. This book provides a summary of tire noise and vibration research, with a focus on new simulation and measurement techniques. - Covers new measurements techniques and simulation strategies that are critical in accurately assessing tire noise and vibration - Provides recent simulation progress and findings of CAE on analysis of generation mechanisms of the tire/road noise - Features a Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) and model of a multilayer trim to enhance the sound absorption of tire/road noise




Engineering Vibroacoustic Analysis


Book Description

The book describes analytical methods (based primarily on classical modal synthesis), the Finite Element Method (FEM), Boundary Element Method (BEM), Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA), Energy Finite Element Analysis (EFEA), Hybrid Methods (FEM-SEA and Transfer Path Analysis), and Wave-Based Methods. The book also includes procedures for designing noise and vibration control treatments, optimizing structures for reduced vibration and noise, and estimating the uncertainties in analysis results. Written by several well-known authors, each chapter includes theoretical formulations, along with practical applications to actual structural-acoustic systems. Readers will learn how to use vibroacoustic analysis methods in product design and development; how to perform transient, frequency (deterministic and random), and statistical vibroacoustic analyses; and how to choose appropriate structural and acoustic computational methods for their applications. The book can be used as a general reference for practicing engineers, or as a text for a technical short course or graduate course.