Vom Bergbau- zum Industrierevier


Book Description

Papers presented at the 3. Ettlinger Tagung zur europèaischen Bergbaugeschichte, held Sept. 19-25, 1993.




Powering Empire


Book Description

The Age of Empire was driven by coal, and the Middle East—as an idea—was made by coal. Coal’s imperial infrastructure presaged the geopolitics of oil that wreaks carnage today, as carbonization threatens our very climate. Powering Empire argues that we cannot promote worldwide decarbonization without first understanding the history of the globalization of carbon energy. How did this black rock come to have such long-lasting power over the world economy? Focusing on the flow of British carbon energy to the Middle East, On Barak excavates the historic nexus between coal and empire to reveal the political and military motives behind what is conventionally seen as a technological innovation. He provocatively recounts the carbon-intensive entanglements of Western and non-Western powers and reveals unfamiliar resources—such as Islamic risk-aversion and Gandhian vegetarianism—for a climate justice that relies on more diverse and ethical solutions worldwide.




The Age of Coal


Book Description

In Europe, coal was by far the most important source of energy from the beginning of industrialisation until well after the Second World War. It was indispensable in shaping the modern world, and in altering our understanding of time and space. Used foundationally in organic chemistry, coal helped to create the multitude of colours, medicines, and man-made products which still shape our daily lives. Without coal, the First and Second World Wars would have looked very different, and in the peace conferences after both wars, the control of this resource was of central importance. At its height, coal mining in Europe employed almost two and a half million people, mostly men, who had often migrated over vast distances to find work in this booming industry, despite the difficulties and dangers. As a result of the capitalist model of the industry, mining saw significant labour organization and strikes. The use of coal, however, created environmental problems. During and after industrialisation, the demand for energy multiplied, and coal was the only resource that could satisfy this increasing demand, despite the high levels of CO2 emission. In contemporary society, world-wide attempts are being made to reduce these emissions, but while in Europe, coal mining and use has declined, world-wide its production and consumption have reached new heights. Even in Europe, coal's major legacy persists: society's dependence on vast amounts of easily available, transportable, and affordable energy. Franz-Josef Brüggemeier uses modern Europe's reliance on coal to tell a wide-ranging story of how energy can shape a society.




Handbook Global History of Work


Book Description

Coffee from East Africa, wine from California, chocolate from the Ivory Coast - all those every day products are based on labour, often produced under appalling conditions, but always involving the combination of various work processes we are often not aware of. What is the day-to-day reality for workers in various parts of the world, and how was it in the past? How do they work today, and how did they work in the past? These and many other questions comprise the field of the global history of work – a young discipline that is introduced with this handbook. In 8 thematic chapters, this book discusses these aspects of work in a global and long term perspective, paying attention to several kinds of work. Convict labour, slave and wage labour, labour migration, and workers of the textile industry, but also workers' organisation, strikes, and motivations for work are part of this first handbook of global labour history, written by the most renowned scholars of the profession.




Protogaea


Book Description

Protogaea, an ambitious account of terrestrial history, was central to the development of the earth sciences in the eighteenth century and provides key philosophical insights into the unity of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s thought and writings. In the book, Leibniz offers observations about the formation of the earth, the actions of fire and water, the genesis of rocks and minerals, the origins of salts and springs, the formation of fossils, and their identification as the remains of living organisms. Protogaea also includes a series of engraved plates depicting the remains of animals—in particular the famous reconstruction of a “fossil unicorn”—together with a cross section of the cave in which some fossil objects were discovered. Though the works of Leibniz have been widely translated, Protogaea has languished in its original Latin for centuries. Now Claudine Cohen and Andre Wakefield offer the first English translation of this central text in natural philosophy and natural history. Written between 1691 and 1693, and first published after Leibniz’s death in 1749, Protogaea reemerges in this bilingual edition with an introduction that carefully situates the work within its historical context.




Divining Science


Book Description

The study of German mining and metallurgy has focused overwhelmingly on labor, capitalism, and progressive engineering and earth science. This book addresses prospecting practices and mining culture. Using the divining, or dowsing rod as a means of exposing miner beliefs, it argues that a robust vernacular science preceded institutionalized geology in Saxony, and that the Freiberg Mining Academy (f.1765) became a site for the synthesis of tradition and new science. The tacit knowledge of dowsing was the mark of the experienced prospector, and rather than decline in importance through the Enlightenment, the practice transformed from a study of mineral vapors into an experimental branch of geophysics. Mining administrations openly hired practitioners through the eighteenth century.




Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe


Book Description

It is often assumed that natural philosophy was the forerunner of early modern natural sciences. But where did these sciences’ systematic observation and experimentation get their starts? In Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe, the laboratories, workshops, and marketplaces emerge as arenas where hands-on experience united with higher learning. In an age when chemistry, mineralogy, geology, and botany intersected with mining, metallurgy, pharmacy, and gardening, materials were objects that crossed disciplines. Here, the contributors tell the stories of metals, clay, gunpowder, pigments, and foods, and thereby demonstrate the innovative practices of technical experts, the development of the consumer market, and the formation of the observational and experimental sciences in the early modern period. Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe showcases a broad variety of forms of knowledge, from ineffable bodily skills and technical competence to articulated know-how and connoisseurship, from methods of measuring, data gathering, and classification to analytical and theoretical knowledge. By exploring the hybrid expertise involved in the making, consumption, and promotion of various materials, and the fluid boundaries they traversed, the book offers an original perspective on important issues in the history of science, medicine, and technology.




The Scottish Miners, 1874–1939


Book Description

The Scottish miners experienced enormous changes during these sixty-five years. Enjoying a high degree of autonomy underground throughout the nineteenth century, their work situation was transformed in the twentieth as Scotland became the most intensively mechanised of the British coalfields. Grievances generated by this change led to strike rates in Scotland being up to ten and fifteen times higher than in the major English coalfields. Such militancy displayed considerable geographical variation however, and the translation of grievances into industrial conflict was mediated by variables rooted in the community as well as the pit. A central theme of this volume is to explore the differences between the four principal mining regions in Scotland through the detailed study of ten localities within them. This innovative, two-tiered comparison is used to analyse the competing loyalties of class, gender and ethnicity, to map the uneven terrain of popular protest and social disorder, and to challenge traditional stereotypes of ’a peaceable kingdom’. This historical sociology of the Scottish coalfields frames the analysis of trade unionism and politics which is developed in the companion volume to this book.




Insurance, Fund Size, and Concentration


Book Description

Schon um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts verfügten die deutschen Bergleute mit den zahlreichen lokalen Knappschaftsvereinen über ein eigenes institutionalisiertes Sozialversicherungssystem mit einer langen, ins Mittelalter zurückreichenden Tradition. Ihren Mitgliedern boten die Knappschaftsvereine Versicherungsschutz gegen die wesentlichen Daseinsrisiken Krankheit, Invalidität, Tod des Ernährers der Familie und Langlebigkeit. Mit Blick auf die Periode zwischen Knappschaftsgesetz einerseits und Gründung der Reichsknappschaft andererseits (1854-1923) untersucht diese Arbeit ein versicherungsökonomisches Problem, über das bereits die zeitgenössischen Beobachter der Knappschaftsvereine intensiv diskutierten: Wie ist die optimale Größe eines Sozialversicherungsträgers zu bestimmen und zu implementieren? Gibt es überhaupt eine „optimale“ Größe? Oder gilt nicht vielmehr „je größer, desto besser“? Vor dem Hintergrund zweier ökonomischer Kategorien – versicherungstechnisches Risikos und Verwaltungseffizienz – werden diese Fragen am konkreten historischen Beispiel der preußischen Knappschaftsvereine untersucht. Obwohl die jüngere Historiographie die außerordentliche Bedeutung der Knappschaftsvereine des 19. Jahrhunderts als eines der ersten Sozialversicherungssysteme überhaupt herausgestellt hat, stellt deren Wirtschafts- bzw. Versicherungsgeschichte ein Forschungsdesiderat dar. Diese Arbeit füllt zu einem gewissen Grad diese Forschungslücke, indem sie auf ein historisches Phänomen fokussiert, dessen Analyse nicht ohne den direkten Bezug auf grundlegende ökonomische Zusammenhänge auskommt: der zu beobachtende Prozess interner und insbesondere externer Konzentration innerhalb der Knappschaftsvereine, der spätestens mit dem frühen 1870iger Jahren einsetzte und in der Gründung der Reichsknappschaft kulminierte.




Money in the German-speaking Lands


Book Description

Money is more than just a medium of financial exchange: across time and place, it has performed all sorts of cultural, political, and social functions. This volume traces money in German-speaking Europe from the late Renaissance until the close of the twentieth century, exploring how people have used it and endowed it with multiple meanings. The fascinating studies gathered here collectively demonstrate money’s vast symbolic and practical significance, from its place in debates about religion and the natural world to its central role in statecraft and the formation of national identity.