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Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Author : Institute of Medicine

Publisher : National Academies Press

Page : 287 pages

File Size : 10,14 MB

Release : 2001-07-02

Category : Medical

ISBN : 0309132975

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Book Description

It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.





Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman

Author : Rogerio A. Lobo

Publisher : Elsevier

Page : 902 pages

File Size : 42,74 MB

Release : 2007-06-05

Category : Technology & Engineering

ISBN : 0080553095

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Book Description

For anyone who treats postmenopausal women, this latest edition of Rogerio Lobo's classic work combines the best from two well-known references: Menopause, and the second edition of Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman. By adding significant discussions of the basic science behind menopause, it is possible to objectively assess the clinical value and limitations of current approaches to treatment and provide a basis and rationale for strategies that will result in better individualized and specialized care. Not only does the third edition discuss diagnosis and treatment of menopause but it covers biological, anatomical, physiological, pathobiological, and pharmacological aspects as well bringing together, in one source, all of the information needed to understand and treat postmenopausal conditions. Over 50% new material representing the vast amount of information available since the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trials were completed making this the most up-to-date reference on postmenopausal women Includes several new sections on comparisons between clinical trials and observational data, urology, and pelvic support Each section is preceded by a preface to put the area into context with many chapters having suggested treatment regimens



Improving Diagnosis in Health Care

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Publisher : National Academies Press

Page : 473 pages

File Size : 37,7 MB

Release : 2015-12-29

Category : Medical

ISBN : 0309377722

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Book Description

Getting the right diagnosis is a key aspect of health care - it provides an explanation of a patient's health problem and informs subsequent health care decisions. The diagnostic process is a complex, collaborative activity that involves clinical reasoning and information gathering to determine a patient's health problem. According to Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, diagnostic errors-inaccurate or delayed diagnoses-persist throughout all settings of care and continue to harm an unacceptable number of patients. It is likely that most people will experience at least one diagnostic error in their lifetime, sometimes with devastating consequences. Diagnostic errors may cause harm to patients by preventing or delaying appropriate treatment, providing unnecessary or harmful treatment, or resulting in psychological or financial repercussions. The committee concluded that improving the diagnostic process is not only possible, but also represents a moral, professional, and public health imperative. Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, a continuation of the landmark Institute of Medicine reports To Err Is Human (2000) and Crossing the Quality Chasm (2001), finds that diagnosis-and, in particular, the occurrence of diagnostic errorsâ€"has been largely unappreciated in efforts to improve the quality and safety of health care. Without a dedicated focus on improving diagnosis, diagnostic errors will likely worsen as the delivery of health care and the diagnostic process continue to increase in complexity. Just as the diagnostic process is a collaborative activity, improving diagnosis will require collaboration and a widespread commitment to change among health care professionals, health care organizations, patients and their families, researchers, and policy makers. The recommendations of Improving Diagnosis in Health Care contribute to the growing momentum for change in this crucial area of health care quality and safety.



Women and Health Research

Author : Institute of Medicine

Publisher : National Academies Press

Page : 286 pages

File Size : 28,66 MB

Release : 1994-02-01

Category : Medical

ISBN : 030904992X

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Book Description

In the nineteenth century some scientists argued that women should not be educated because thinking would use energy needed by the uterus for reproduction. The proof? Educated women had a lower birth rate. Today's researchers can only shake their heads at such reasoning. Yet professional journals and the popular press are increasingly criticizing medical research for ignoring women's health issues. Women and Health Research examines the facts behind the public's perceptions about women participating as subjects in medical research. With the goal of increasing researchers' awareness of this important topic, the book explores issues related to maintaining justice (in its ethical sense) in clinical studies. Leading experts present general principles for the ethical conduct of research on womenâ€"principles that are especially important in the light of recent changes in federal policy on the inclusion of women in clinical research. Women and Health Research documents the historical shift from a paternalistic approach by researchers toward women and a disproportionate reliance on certain groups for research to one that emphasizes proper access for women as subjects in clinical studies in order to ensure that women receive the benefits of research. The book addresses present-day challenges to equity in four areas: Scientificâ€"Do practical aspects of scientific research work at cross-purposes to gender equity? Focusing on drug trials, the authors identify rationales for excluding people from research based on demographics. Social and Ethicalâ€"The authors offer compelling discussions on subjectivity in science, the evidence for male bias, and issues related to race and ethnicity, as well as the recruitment, retention, and protection of research participants. Legalâ€"Women and Health Research reviews federal research policies that affect the inclusion of women and evaluates the basis for researchers' fears about liability, citing court cases. Riskâ€"The authors focus on risks to reproduction and offspring in clinical drug trials, exploring how risks can be identified for study participants, who should make the assessment of risk and benefit for participation in a clinical study, and how legal implications could be addressed. This landmark study will be of immediate use to the research community, policymakers, women's health advocates, attorneys, and individuals.



Care Without Coverage

Author : Institute of Medicine

Publisher : National Academies Press

Page : 213 pages

File Size : 20,17 MB

Release : 2002-06-20

Category : Medical

ISBN : 0309083435

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Book Description

Many Americans believe that people who lack health insurance somehow get the care they really need. Care Without Coverage examines the real consequences for adults who lack health insurance. The study presents findings in the areas of prevention and screening, cancer, chronic illness, hospital-based care, and general health status. The committee looked at the consequences of being uninsured for people suffering from cancer, diabetes, HIV infection and AIDS, heart and kidney disease, mental illness, traumatic injuries, and heart attacks. It focused on the roughly 30 million-one in seven-working-age Americans without health insurance. This group does not include the population over 65 that is covered by Medicare or the nearly 10 million children who are uninsured in this country. The main findings of the report are that working-age Americans without health insurance are more likely to receive too little medical care and receive it too late; be sicker and die sooner; and receive poorer care when they are in the hospital, even for acute situations like a motor vehicle crash.



Health Professions Education

Author : Institute of Medicine

Publisher : National Academies Press

Page : 191 pages

File Size : 26,70 MB

Release : 2003-07-01

Category : Medical

ISBN : 030913319X

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Book Description

The Institute of Medicine study Crossing the Quality Chasm (2001) recommended that an interdisciplinary summit be held to further reform of health professions education in order to enhance quality and patient safety. Health Professions Education: A Bridge to Quality is the follow up to that summit, held in June 2002, where 150 participants across disciplines and occupations developed ideas about how to integrate a core set of competencies into health professions education. These core competencies include patient-centered care, interdisciplinary teams, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, and informatics. This book recommends a mix of approaches to health education improvement, including those related to oversight processes, the training environment, research, public reporting, and leadership. Educators, administrators, and health professionals can use this book to help achieve an approach to education that better prepares clinicians to meet both the needs of patients and the requirements of a changing health care system.



Drug Safety

Author : United States. General Accounting Office

Publisher :

Page : 12 pages

File Size : 44,50 MB

Release : 2001

Category : Drugs

ISBN :

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Book Description



Communities in Action

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Publisher : National Academies Press

Page : 583 pages

File Size : 35,31 MB

Release : 2017-04-27

Category : Medical

ISBN : 0309452961

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Book Description

In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.



Women's Health in General Practice

Author : Danielle Mazza

Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences

Page : 357 pages

File Size : 11,61 MB

Release : 2011-01-31

Category : Medical

ISBN : 0729578712

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Book Description

The book is designed to be a clear accessible guide to women's health. The aims of the book are as follows: - To examine women's health issues as they present in general practice - To provide GPs with information relevant to their practice that extends upon that provided in "undergraduate" texts - To provide evidence based information regarding women's health to GPs - To give GPs tips and examples of useful approaches when undertaking histories, examining and managing women's health problems. - To examine current controversies in women's health - Addresses common issues seen by GPs in their practice and addresses the questions and quandaries they face on a day to day basis - Gives practical information and advice to GPs that where possible is based on up to date guidelines or research evidence - Tips and example of useful approaches when undertaking histories, examining, and managing women's health problems - Discussion of current controversies in women's healthThe scope of the first edition was limited to sexual and reproductive health aspects of women's health the second edition will extend this to a broader range of women's health topics and include new areas such as multicultural issues, gendered aspects of health and women's mental health. - new contraceptive developments including quick start method for commencement of contraception, better missed pill rules, developments in the provision of emergency contraception and an overview of new contraceptive devices such as the Nuvaring. - our understanding of the epidemiology of HPV and ability to vaccinate against cervical cancer. - Better characterisation of the risk inherent with a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer - More awareness of the importance of preconception care, the breadth of issues that need to be addressed and the effect of lifestyle factors on fertility - Updates on Polycystic ovary syndrome - Refreshed style and format incorporating - objectives of the chapter set out as introduction, summaries of key points, boxes and tables highlighting pertinent points, tips for practitioners, case scenarios, question and answer based text format - Existence of evidence based guidelines to support diagnosis and management of common conditions seen in general practice such as menorrhagia, endometriosis, miscarriage and post natal care, and to support evidence based counselling regarding ovarian cancer screening, sexual problems and intimate partner violence.