Distinguishing Errors of Memory from Errors of Understanding by Means of Self-instructional Tests


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This study compared two types of self-instructional tests used as adjuncts to an expository text. One type of test (Pure Self-Test) incorporated two types of items, one assessing and remedying errors of memory and the other assessing and remedying errors of understanding. The other type of self-instructional test (Mixed Self-Test) was composed of a single type of complex question requiring answers involving memory plus understanding; remedial feedback was likewise mixed. Forty-eight high school sophomores were divided into three groups: One group studied the expository text alone (Basic Text Group), one studied the text plus the Pure Self-Test, and one studied the text plus the Mixed Self-Test. Five days later, each group was given a criterion test composed of the two self tests sans answers. There were no significant differences among groups on total criterion test scores, but the Pure Self-Test Group did best on the pure items and the Mixed Self-Test Group did best on the mixed items. The Basic Text Group did well on the pure recall items, fair on the mixed, recall-and-memory items but poorly on the pure understanding items. The generality of these findings is limited by the fact that none of the three lesson formats were highly effective. (Author).




An Outline of Philosophy


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The Self and Nature


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Self and Identity


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This volume reflects the renewal of interest in `Self' and `Identity' among social scientists. It adopts an interdisciplinary approach to explore different perspectives across the lifespan, from the neonate to the elderly adult.




The Edinburgh Review


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Building Self-esteem


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Building Self-Esteem brings you easy-to-follow techniques for improving your self-image, so you can achieve a realistic and positive view of yourself and live a happier and more successful life. A positive self-image can help you to improve your relationships and focus on what matters to you, whether that's dealing with feelings of inadequacy, exploring your creativity, or improving physical fitness. Based on psychological assessments and practical journaling exercises, Building Self-Esteem enables you to uncover your needs, preferences and concerns, and to move away from whatever is holding you back.







Fierce Self-Compassion


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The author of Self-Compassion follows up her groundbreaking book with new ideas that expand our notion of self-kindness and its capacity to transform our lives, showing women how to balance tender self-acceptance with fierce action to claim their power and change the world. Kristin Neff changed how we talk about self-care with her enormously popular first book, Self-Compassion. Now, ten years and many studies later, she expands her body of work to explore a brand-new take on self-compassion. Although kindness and self-acceptance allow us to be with ourselves as we are, in all our glorious imperfection, the desire to alleviate suffering at the heart of this mindset isn't always gentle, sometimes it's fierce. We must also act courageously in order to protect ourselves from harm and injustice, say no to others so we can meet our own needs, and motivate necessary change in ourselves and society. Gender roles demand that women be soft and nurturing, not angry or powerful. But like yin and yang, the energies of fierce and tender self-compassion must be balanced for wholeness and wellbeing. Drawing on a wealth of research, her personal life story and empirically supported practices, Neff demonstrates how women can use fierce and tender self-compassion to succeed in the workplace, engage in caregiving without burning out, be authentic in relationships, and end the silence around sexual harassment and abuse. Most women intuitively recognize fierceness as part of their true nature, but have been discouraged from developing it. Women must reclaim their power in order to create a healthier society and find lasting happiness. In this wise, caring, and enlightening book, Neff shows women how to reclaim balance within themselves, so they can help restore balance in the world.




The Vedânta-sutras ...


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