Epichlorohydrin Production from Propylene - Cost Analysis - ECH E21A


Book Description

This report presents a cost analysis of Epichlorohydrin production from propylene and chlorine. The process examined is a typical dehydrochlorination process. This process involves three main steps: (i) chlorination of propylene to allyl chloride; (ii) addition of hypochlorous acid to the allyl chloride formed yielding glycerol dichlorohydrins, and (iii) treatment of the glycerol – dichlorohydrin mixture with a base, yielding Epichlorohydrin product. 99.9 wt.% Epichlorohydrin is obtained. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Rowe, C.E., 'Chlorohydrins', Chemical Processing Handbook, 1993 Keywords: 3-Chloropropene, Hypochlorous Acid, HOCl, Chlorination




Epichlorohydrin Production from Propylene - Cost Analysis - ECH E22A


Book Description

This report presents a cost analysis of Epichlorohydrin production from propylene and chlorine. The process examined is similar to Daiso's Allyl Alcohol route. In this process, propylene is subjected to direct oxidation and further hydrolysis to obtain allyl alcohol. This intermediate undergoes chlorination and, after a final step of alkaline epoxidation, Epichlorohydrin is obtained. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Allyl alcohol route, Daiso, alkaline epoxidation




Propylene Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - Propylene E21A


Book Description

This report presents a cost analysis of Polymer Grade (PG) Propylene production from ethylene using two integrated processes: dimerization and metathesis. The processes examined are similar to CB&I Lummus technologies: Ethylene Dimerization Technology and Olefins Conversion Technology (OCT). In these processes, ethylene is first dimerized into butenes, and then, Propylene is produced through a metathesis reaction of 2-butene and ethylene. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) US Patent 8440874, issued to Lummus Technology and BASF in 2013 (2) US Patent 4242531, issued to Phillips Petroleum Company in 1980 Keywords: PG Propylene, Olefins Dimerization, Olefins Disproportionation, Lummus OCT, Olefins Metathesis, Phillips Triolefin, Propene, Ethene, On-Purpose Propylene Production




Propylene Production Cost Analysis - Overview - Propylene AA01


Book Description

This is a free full sample report offered by Intratec Solutions to demonstrate, in advance, the type of information you will get when you buy one of our reports, offering the same standard and structure (types of graphs, tables and descriptions) that you will find in all of our Cost Analysis Overview reports. This report presents alternatives for producing PG Propylene from different feedstocks and a cost comparison of these alternatives, across different countries. More specifically, the report compares the costs of PG Propylene production through the following pathways: * Pathway 1: Propylene Production from Light Naphtha * Pathway 2: Propylene Production from Ethylene and Butenes * Pathway 3: Propylene Production from Propane (with Hydrogen Generation) Pathway 1 corresponds to a steam cracker for Propylene production (ethylene as co-product). In Pathway 2, Propylene is produced via metathesis reaction of ethylene with 2-butene (present in raffinate-2 feedstock). In Pathway 3, propane is dehydrogenated to Propylene with hydrogen generated being valued as fuel. The analysis presented in this report includes: * A comparison of the economic potential of the pathways listed above in several countries, comprising: - Comparative analysis of capital costs - Comparative analysis of production costs * Comparison between product price and raw materials costs of each pathway - An overview of each production pathway, including: - Raw material(s) consumption figures and product(s) generated - Related technology licensors and block flow diagram of representative industrial processes Keywords: Propene, Ethene, Steam Cracking, PDH, Propane Dehydrogenation, Olefins Conversion Technology, OCT




Propylene Production Cost Analysis - Overview - Propylene AA01


Book Description

This report presents alternatives for producing PG Propylene from different feedstocks and a cost comparison of these alternatives, across different countries. More specifically, the report compares the costs of PG Propylene production through the following pathways:* Pathway 1: Propylene Production from Light Naphtha* Pathway 2: Propylene Production from Ethylene and Butenes* Pathway 3: Propylene Production from Propane (with Hydrogen Generation)Pathway 1 corresponds to a steam cracker for Propylene production (ethylene as co-product). In Pathway 2, Propylene is produced via metathesis reaction of ethylene with 2-butene (present in raffinate-2 feedstock). In Pathway 3, propane is dehydrogenated to Propylene with hydrogen generated being valued as fuel. The analysis presented in this report includes:* A comparison of the economic potential of the pathways listed above in several countries, comprising: * Comparative analysis of capital costs * Comparative analysis of production costs * Comparison between product price and raw materials costs of each pathway * An overview of each production pathway, including: * Raw material(s) consumption figures and product(s) generated * Related technology licensors and block flow diagram of representative industrial processes Keywords: Propene, Ethene, Steam Cracking, PDH, Propane Dehydrogenation, Olefins Conversion Technology, OCT




Propylene Production via Metathesis - Cost Analysis - Propylene E11A


Book Description

This report presents a cost analysis of Polymer Grade (PG) Propylene production from ethylene and raffinate-2 using a metathesis process. The process examined is similar to CB&I Lummus Technology's Olefins Conversion Technology (OCT). In this process, Polymer Grade Propylene is produced through a metathesis reaction of ethylene with 2-butene, present in raffinate-2 feedstock. This report examines one-time costs associated with the construction of a plant and the continuing costs associated with the daily operation of such a plant. More specifically, it discusses: * Capital Investment, broken down by: - Total fixed capital required, divided in process unit (ISBL); infrastructure (OSBL), contingency and owner's cost - Total fixed capital required, divided in process unit (ISBL); infrastructure (OSBL), contingency and owner's cost - Working capital and costs incurred during industrial plant commissioning and start-up * Operating cost, broken down by: - Variable operating costs (raw materials, utilities) - Fixed operating costs (maintenance, operating charges, plant overhead, local taxes and insurance) - Depreciation This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) US Patent 8440874, issued to Lummus Technology and BASF in 2013 (2) US Patent 20050124839, issued to Lummus Technology in 2005 Keywords: PG Propylene, Olefins Disproportionation, Lummus OCT, Olefins Metathesis, Phillips Triolefin, Propene, Ethene, Butylene, On-Purpose Propylene Production




Handbook of Biomaterial Properties


Book Description

This book provides tabular and text data relating to normal and diseased tissue materials and materials used in medical devices. Comprehensive and practical for students, researchers, engineers, and practicing physicians who use implants, this book considers the materials aspects of both implantable materials and natural tissues and fluids. Examples of materials and topics covered include titanium, elastomers, degradable biomaterials, composites, scaffold materials for tissue engineering, dental implants, sterilization effects on material properties, metallic alloys, and much more. Each chapter author considers the intrinsic and interactive properties of biomaterials, as well as their appropriate applications and historical contexts. Now in an updated second edition, this book also contains two new chapters on the cornea and on vocal folds, as well as updated insights, data, and citations for several chapters.




Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites


Book Description

Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites: Chemistry, Biotechnology and Material Sciences offers considerable detail on the origin of algae, extraction of useful metabolites and major compounds from algal bio-mass, and the production and future prospects of sustainable polymers derived from algae, blends of algae, and algae based composites. Characterization methods and processing techniques for algae-based polymers and composites are discussed in detail, enabling researchers to apply the latest techniques to their own work. The conversion of bio-mass into high value chemicals, energy, and materials has ample financial and ecological importance, particularly in the era of declining petroleum reserves and global warming. Algae are an important source of biomass since they flourish rapidly and can be cultivated almost everywhere. At present the majority of naturally produced algal biomass is an unused resource and normally is left to decompose. Similarly, the use of this enormous underexploited biomass is mainly limited to food consumption and as bio-fertilizer. However, there is an opportunity here for materials scientists to explore its potential as a feedstock for the production of sustainable materials. - Provides detailed information on the extraction of useful compounds from algal biomass - Highlights the development of a range of polymers, blends, and composites - Includes coverage of characterization and processing techniques, enabling research scientists and engineers to apply the information to their own research and development - Discusses potential applications and future prospects of algae-based biopolymers, giving the latest insight into the future of these sustainable materials




New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies


Book Description

This book covers new systems in technology that have developed our knowledge of ion exchange. This book discusses ion exchange resins to enhance cell growth; anion exchange membrane; nanosystems in ion exchange and ion exchange in environmental applications. The ion exchange system is used in bionanotechnology, cosmetic industry and water treatment.




Handbook of Engineering Practice of Materials and Corrosion


Book Description

This handbook is an in-depth guide to the practical aspects of materials and corrosion engineering in the energy and chemical industries. The book covers materials, corrosion, welding, heat treatment, coating, test and inspection, and mechanical design and integrity. A central focus is placed on industrial requirements, including codes, standards, regulations, and specifications that practicing material and corrosion engineers and technicians face in all roles and in all areas of responsibility. The comprehensive resource provides expert guidance on general corrosion mechanisms and recommends materials for the control and prevention of corrosion damage, and offers readers industry-tested best practices, rationales, and case studies.