› › Examining The Effects Of A High Fat High Sugar Diet In Adolescence On Memory And Executive Functioning In Young Adulthood

Examining the Effects of a High Fat, High Sugar Diet in Adolescence on Memory and Executive Functioning in Young Adulthood

Author : Susan Murray

Publisher :

Page : 55 pages

File Size : 16,34 MB

Release : 2021

Category :

ISBN :

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Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggests that diets high in fats and sugar lead to poorer cognitive functioning. Importantly, animals exposed to a high fat, high sugar (HFHS) diet during adolescence show more pronounced deficits in cognitive performance than animals given this diet during adulthood, suggesting an age-specific vulnerability for diet-induced cognitive impairments. Given that the three primary sources of daily caloric intake for children and adolescents in the United States are dessert, pizza, and soda, translational research is needed to better understand the link between diet during development and cognitive function. Some studies demonstrate long-term effects of adolescent exposure to HFHS diets, highlighting a need for longitudinal research in this area. The current study sought to investigate whether unhealthy dietary habits during adolescent development predicts performance on tasks of memory and executive function using publicly available data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health study). Using three separate linear regressions, we tested whether HFHS intake in adolescence predicts memory and executive function in young adulthood using the following outcomes as dependent variables: total word recall score (immediate trial), total word recall score (delayed trial), and total number recall score. We also tested whether a robust indicator of inflammation, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), which was measured in adulthood, mediates the relationship between HFHS intake in adolescence and cognitive performance in adulthood. Finally, we tested whether physical activity in adolescence moderates the relationship between HFHS intake in adolescence and hsCRP as well as cognitive performance in adulthood. The results of the regression analyses reveal that HFHS scores in adolescence significantly and negatively predict performance on both the immediate and delayed word recall trials in adulthood, even after controlling for relevant covariates such as SES and BMI. The effect of HFHS scores on number recall scores was trending toward significance. The relationship between diet and memory was mediated by hsCRP, though HFHS scores was negatively associated with hsCRP. Physical activity did not moderate the effect of diet on hsCRP or cognitive performance. These findings support animal and human studies showing a relationship between HFHS intake and poorer cognitive performance. Importantly, the results of the current study extend the existing literature by suggesting that HFHS intake during adolescent development may affect cognitive performance later in life. Replication of this study is needed along with further research to identify possible physiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between HFHS and cognition as well as factors that modify this relationship.



Impact of Diet on Learning, Memory and Cognition

Author : Amy Claire Reichelt

Publisher : Frontiers Media SA

Page : 119 pages

File Size : 39,7 MB

Release : 2017-08-22

Category :

ISBN : 288945228X

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Changes in food composition and availability have contributed to the dramatic increase in obesity over the past 30-40 years in developed and, increasingly, in developing countries. The modern diet now contains many foods that are rich in saturated fat and refined sugar. People who eat excessive amounts of this diet are not only likely to become overweight, even obese, develop metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, some forms of cancer, but also undergo a more rapid rate of normal age-related cognitive decline and more rapid progression of neurological diseases such as dementia. A central problem is why people persist in consuming this diet in spite of its adverse health effects and when alternative food choices are available. As high fat / high sugar foods are inherently rewarding, eating for pleasure, like taking psychoactive drugs, can modulate reward neurocircuitry, causing changes in responsiveness to reward-predicting stimuli and incentive motivation. Indeed, the excessive ingestion in modern societies and the resulting obesity epidemic may be viewed as a form of food addiction. Thus, a diet high in palatable foods is proposed to impact upon reward systems in the brain, modulating appetitive learning and altering reward thresholds. Impairments in other forms of cognition have been associated with obesity, and these have a rapid onset. The hippocampus appears to be particularly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of high fat and high sugar diets. Recent research has shown that as little as one week of exposure to a high fat, high sugar diet leads to impairments in place but not object recognition memory in the rat. Excess sugar alone had similar effects, and the detrimental effects of diet consumption was linked to increased inflammatory markers in the hippocampus, a critical region involved in memory. Furthermore, obesity-related inflammatory changes have also been described in the human brain that may lead to memory impairments. These memory deficits may contribute to pathological eating behaviour through changes in the amount consumed and timing of eating. The aim of this eBook is to present up-to-date information about the impact of diet and diet-induced obesity on reward driven learning, memory and cognition, encompassing both animal and human literature, and also potential therapeutic targets to attenuate such deficits.



Examining the Association Between Executive Functioning and Eating Behaviors in Adolescents from Low-income Backgrounds

Author : Clarissa Victoria Shields

Publisher :

Page : 67 pages

File Size : 30,38 MB

Release : 2020

Category : Children

ISBN :

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Adolescents from low-income backgrounds are a high-risk population for obesity and poor inhibitory control. Dietary restraint, the intent to restrict food intake, has also been associated with higher weight status in youth. Inhibitory control, the cognitive process that allows the inhibition of a response, such as restriction of high energy-dense (HED) foods, may vary by weight status and moderate the effect of dietary restriction on zBMI among adolescents. The overall goal of the study was to examine the interplay between inhibitory control, dietary restraint, and zBMI among 51 adolescents (ages 12-17; 54.4% female) from low-income backgrounds. Adolescents completed dietary restraint, inhibitory control, and depressive symptom measures, while a parent/primary caregiver completed demographic information. The study first aimed to explore whether inhibitory control abilities differed by weight status in adolescents from low-income backgrounds. The second aim was to examine if dietary restraint was associated with zBMI within a low-income sample of adolescents. Lastly, the study aimed to explore if inhibitory control buffered the association between dietary restraint and zBMI in adolescents from low-income backgrounds. ANCOVA, regression, and moderation analyses controlled for the covariate depressive symptoms. Inhibitory control trended towards significantly differing by weight status, F(2, 47)= 3.06, p=.056. Dietary restraint was positively associated with zBMI F(1, 48)= 12.02, p





Exploring Executive Functioning as a Moderator of the Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adolescents' Risk for Obesity

Author : Yani Hawthorne

Publisher :

Page : 0 pages

File Size : 50,53 MB

Release : 2024

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ISBN :

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Pediatric obesity is a growing public health concern in the United States, with an overall increase in overweight/obesity (BMI 3 85th percentile) noted between 1996 and 2018 in both males and females (Stierman et al., 2021). Little is known about the mechanisms by which adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may impact obesity risk. Given that executive dysfunction exacerbates the effect on obesity risk, we hypothesized that executive function (EF) might buffer the association between ACEs and the development of obesity in adolescents. We examined three indicators of adolescents' exposure to adversity in childhood, including household chaos from 2 to 35 months, cumulative childhood sociodemographic risk from 6 to 35 months, and parents' reports of adolescents' ACEs. Participants included 213 adolescents drawn from a sample of rural households who experienced poverty. During a home visit, adolescents completed questionnaires, and height, weight, and waist circumference were measured. Adolescents and their parents also completed web-based surveys. Results showed that there was no direct association between ACEs, household chaos, or cumulative risk and adolescents' waist circumference. However, significant interactions emerged between childhood adversity and executive function; specifically, ACEs and working memory ([beta] = -0.24, p = 0.014) and cumulative risk and working memory ([beta] = -0.37, p = 0.022) on waist circumference. Contrary to our hypothesis, the association between ACEs and waist circumference was only significant in adolescents with higher working memory. These findings provide evidence of the moderated effect of EF on the association between ACEs and adolescents' risk for obesity, although the direction of effects was unexpected. Given the well-established association between executive dysfunction and obesity in youth, further research is needed to understand why EF did not emerge as a protective factor against obesity risk for adolescents exposed to ACEs in this sample.





Food Addiction, Obesity, and Disorders of Overeating

Author : Claire E. Wilcox

Publisher : Springer Nature

Page : 224 pages

File Size : 40,72 MB

Release : 2021-09-30

Category : Medical

ISBN : 3030830780

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Book Description

This book is written for providers of broad training backgrounds, and aims to help those who care for people with EDs, overweight and obesity provide evidence-based care. The goal of the book is to provide these providers with a straightforward resource summarizing the current standard of care. However, it goes further by also introducing the concept of food addiction (FA) as a model to understand some forms of overeating. This book discusses the pros and cons of embracing FA and reviews the evidence for and against the validity and utility of FA. By doing so, the chapters convey a “middle ground” approach to help people with obesity, BED, and bulimia nervosa plus FA symptomatology who also want to lose weight. The text discusses FA by reviewing several of the main ongoing controversies associated with the construct. It reviews both the clinical and neuroscientific evidence that some individuals’ eating behavior mirrors that seen in substance use disorders (SUD), such as how their relationship with food appears to be “addictive”. Chapters also discuss how many of the mechanisms known to underlie SUDs appear to drive overeating in animal models and humans. Finally, the text argues that the similarities between the brain mechanisms of addictive disorders and overeating behavior has the potential to open up new avenues for current treatment and treatment development. Food Addiction, Obesity and Disorders of Overeating: An Evidence-Based Assessment and Clinical Guide is suited for both medical and mental health practitioners, including physicians in primary care or psychiatry, nurses, psychologists, social workers, medical students and medical residents. It could also be utilized by researchers in obesity and ED fields, stimulating ideas for future research and study design.



Examining the Effect of a High Quality Dietary Intervention on Cognitive Function in Early Adolescence

Author : Chinara Tate

Publisher :

Page : pages

File Size : 18,25 MB

Release : 2016

Category :

ISBN :

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Conclusions: A 2-week MF/LS dietary intervention may improve delayed face recognition in low to middle income preadolescents with a pre-established HF/HS dietary pattern. Although the intervention appeared to demonstrate a positive effect on 2 measures of cognitive function (initial and delayed facial recognition), after Bonferroni correction, these results only remained significant for the delayed task median total correct RT when controlling for gender and age (p = 0.005). Thus, study results must be interpreted with caution as they may simply be an artifact of chance finding in the ANCOVA statistical analysis. Further investigation of benefits proffered by decreasing % total sugar, % added sugar, % total fat and % saturated fat intake to preadolescent cognition is warranted. Future work should focus on replicating the present study in a larger sample, using hippocampal-dependent specific tasks.



Sugarproof

Author : Michael Goran

Publisher : Penguin

Page : 370 pages

File Size : 49,8 MB

Release : 2020-09-01

Category : Health & Fitness

ISBN : 0525541209

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Book Description

A leading childhood nutrition researcher and an experienced public health educator explain the hidden danger sugar poses to a child's development and health and offer parents an essential 7- and 28-day "sugarproof" program. Most of us know that sugar can wreak havoc on adult bodies, but few realize how uniquely harmful it is to the growing livers, hearts, and brains of children. And the damage can begin early in life. In his research on the effects of sugar on kids' present and future health, USC Professor of Pediatrics and Program Director for Diabetes and Obesity at Children's Hospital Los Angeles Michael Goran has found that too much sugar doesn't just cause childhood obesity, it can cause health issues in kids who are not overweight too, including fatty liver disease, prediabetes, and elevated risk for eventual heart disease. And, it is a likely culprit in the behavioral, emotional, and learning problems that many children struggle with every day. In a groundbreaking study, Goran's team conducted a detailed analysis of the sugary products that kids love and found that these yogurts, cereals, sodas, and juices often had more sugar than advertised and also contained different types of sugar than were being disclosed. Today's children are not just consuming more sugar than ever, but they are consuming sugars that are particularly harmful to them--and their parents don't even know it. The news is dire, but there is also plenty of hope. We can prevent, address, and even in many cases reverse the effects of too much sugar. In this guide to "Sugarproof" kids, Dr. Goran and co-author Dr. Emily Ventura, an expert in nutrition education and recipe development, bust myths about the various types of sugars and sweeteners, help families identify sneaky sources of sugar in their diets, and suggest realistic, family-based solutions to reduce sugar consumption and therefore protect kids. Their unique "Sugarproof" approach teaches parents to raise informed and empowered kids who can set their own healthy limits without feeling restricted. With a 7- and 28-day challenge to help families right-size sugar in their diets, along with more than 35 recipes all without added sugars, everyone can give their children a healthy new start to life.



The Effects of Age and Metabolic Status on Cognitive Performance

Author :

Publisher :

Page : 123 pages

File Size : 30,26 MB

Release : 2012

Category : Blood-vessels

ISBN : 9781267513137

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Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of vascular and metabolic risk factors that frequently occur in combination, including obesity, raised triglycerides, reduced HDL cholesterol, raised blood pressure, and raised fasting plasma glucose, with the presence of 3 out of 5 risk factors constituting a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased rates of mortality and increased risk for developing dementia. Changes in brain structure and cognitive functioning have been reported within the literature. However, research examining cognitive performance in individuals with metabolic syndrome is limited, inconclusive and focuses primarily on older cohorts. As such, the effect of metabolic syndrome on cognitive functioning earlier in the lifespan is unclear. This study aimed to investigate cognitive performance in young, middle-aged, and older adults with multiple metabolic and vascular risk factors in a sample of 91 community dwelling participants. The following tests were administered: Dementia Rating Scale, Mini-Mental State Exam, reading subtest from the Wide Ranged Achievement Test-4, Digit Span from the Wechsler Memory Scale-III, Boston Naming Test-2 (BNT), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), California Verbal Learning Test-II (CLVT-II), and several tests from the D-KEFS (Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency, Design Fluency, and Color-Word Interference Test). As expected, older adults performed more poorly than young and middle-aged adults on measures of information processing speed, attention, memory, and executive functioning. Individuals with metabolic syndrome self-report greater disinhibited eating relative to normal controls. Additionally, individuals with metabolic syndrome performed more poorly on figural memory and figural fluency. These findings suggest that aspects of higher-order, executive functions of visuospatial processing are impaired in metabolic syndrome. Given that individuals with metabolic syndrome had significantly greater self-reported disinihibited eating and performed more poorly on higher-order measures of visuospatial processing (e.g., memory, initiation, planning, multitasking, inhibition), future studies aimed at investigating potential causal relationships between metabolic syndrome, disinhibited eating, and executive dysfunction may provide insight into effective intervention targets to delay or prevent metabolic syndrome. Last, results indicated that incorporating measures of visuospatial abilities in future studies would improve the characterization of cognitive declines in individuals with metabolic syndrome.