African Americans of Lower Richland County


Book Description

Lower Richland County encompasses approximately 360 square miles in the heart of South Carolina's geographic center. The Wateree River cradles it to the east, and the Congaree River borders the south and southwest. Virginia settlers discovered this rich land over 250 years ago. They became wealthy planters and accumulated large land tracts, creating plantation systems that sustained the economy. From 1783 until 1820, cotton was the principal cash crop, and the slave population increased tremendously and played a vital role in the development of agriculture and the economy in the area.




A Manufactured Wilderness


Book Description

Since they were first established in the 1880s, children’s summer camps have touched the lives of millions of people. Although the camping experience has a special place in the popular imagination, few scholars have given serious thought to this peculiarly American phenomenon. Why were summer camps created? What concerns and ideals motivated their founders? Whom did they serve? How did they change over time? What factors influenced their design? To answer these and many other questions, Abigail A. Van Slyck trains an informed eye on the most visible and evocative aspect of camp life: its landscape and architecture. She argues that summer camps delivered much more than a simple encounter with the natural world. Instead, she suggests, camps provided a man-made version of wilderness, shaped by middle-class anxieties about gender roles, class tensions, race relations, and modernity and its impact on the lives of children. Following a fascinating history of summer camps and a wide-ranging overview of the factors that led to their creation, Van Slyck examines the intersections of the natural landscape with human-built forms and social activities. In particular, she addresses changing attitudes toward such subjects as children’s health, sanitation, play, relationships between the sexes, Native American culture, and evolving ideas about childhood. Generously illustrated with period photographs, maps, plans, and promotional images of camps throughout North America, A Manufactured Wilderness is the first book to offer a thorough consideration of the summer camp environment.




Country Acres


Book Description




Loyal to the Land


Book Description

Waimea, Hawaiʻi, inhabited by humankind for more than twelve centuries, has been home to Parker Ranch for 175 storied years. The history of this land is lovingly chronicled in the book series, Loyal to The Land: The Legendary Parker Ranch, written by longtime ranch veterinarian and kamaʻāina, Dr. Billy Bergin. This fourth and final volume, An Enduring Sense of Place, recounts the evolution of Parker Ranch from the passing of venerable owner Richard Smart in 1992 through the following three decades. The author utilizes a variety of uncommon sources—his vast personal experience, interviews, direct observations, letters, news stories, and Parker Ranch annual reports, memos, and strategic plans—to paint a multifaceted picture of executive operations as well as the interpersonal relations and daily life of the ranch ʻohana. This book opens with the final years of Dr. Bergin’s tenure. At that time, the ranch was transitioning from sole-owner oversight by Smart, to governance by trustees who had to deal with a land-rich, cash-poor, sprawling Hawaiian ranch. As the author witnessed, the challenges confronting the ranch were considerable. The exodus of veteran employees under the Voluntary Separation Program left a younger generation of cowboys without mentorship, leading to unintended cattle loss, distrust in management, and a decline in morale. Still, the ranch endured. In the ensuing decade, a sense of organizational calm emerged when trusteeship was separated from management. CEO Chris Kanazawa’s receptiveness to field leadership and community engagement proved to be an effective business strategy. In more recent times, the horse program and the Paniolo Cattle Company witnessed progressive remodeling by CEO Neil ”Dutch” Kuyper. The Paniolo Power initiative looks toward a sustainable future using wind, sun, water, and geothermal energy sources. At its core, this volume is a celebration of the men and women of Parker Ranch, who are, in the words of Smart, “the ranch’s greatest assets.” Anyone who ever worked at Parker Ranch remains connected to this special place at the heart of Waimea; the stories presented here are expressions of their enduring loyalty to the land.




Palms of controversies


Book Description

The rapid development of oil palm cultivation feeds many social issues such as biodiversity, deforestation, food habits or ethical investments. How can this palm be viewed as a ‘miracle plant’ by both the agro-food industry in the North and farmers in the tropical zone, but a serious ecological threat by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) campaigning for the environment or rights of local indigenous peoples? In the present book the authors – a biologist and an agricultural economist- describe a global and complex tropical sector, for which the interests of the many different stakeholders are often antagonistic. Oil palm has become emblematic of recent changes in North-South relationship in agricultural development. Indeed, palm oil is produced and consumed in the South; its trade is driven by emerging countries, although the major part of its transformations is made in the North that still hosts the largest multinational agro industries. It is also in the North that the sector is challenged on ethical and environmental issues. Public controversy over palm oil is often opinionated and it is fed by definitive and sometimes exaggerated statements. Researchers are conveying a more nuanced speech, which is supported by scientific data and a shared field experience. Their work helps in building a more balanced view, moving attention to the South, the region of exclusive production and major consumption of palm oil.







Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions


Book Description

These standards have been prepared to promote uniformity in the appraisal of real property among the various agencies acquiring property on behalf of the U.S., by both direct purchase & condemnation. Contents: standards for approaching the solution to certain recurring appraisal problems (cost approach, income approach, highest & best use, etc.); data documentation & appraisal reporting standards (zoning & other land use regulations, contents of appraisal report, etc.); general standards of a miscellaneous nature (impartiality, witness composure, leasehold takings, etc.). Cases & statutes.




Realising REDD+


Book Description

REDD+ must be transformational. REDD+ requires broad institutional and governance reforms, such as tenure, decentralisation, and corruption control. These reforms will enable departures from business as usual, and involve communities and forest users in making and implementing policies that a ect them. Policies must go beyond forestry. REDD+ strategies must include policies outside the forestry sector narrowly de ned, such as agriculture and energy, and better coordinate across sectors to deal with non-forest drivers of deforestation and degradation. Performance-based payments are key, yet limited. Payments based on performance directly incentivise and compensate forest owners and users. But schemes such as payments for environmental services (PES) depend on conditions, such as secure tenure, solid carbon data and transparent governance, that are often lacking and take time to change. This constraint reinforces the need for broad institutional and policy reforms. We must learn from the past. Many approaches to REDD+ now being considered are similar to previous e orts to conserve and better manage forests, often with limited success. Taking on board lessons learned from past experience will improve the prospects of REDD+ e ectiveness. National circumstances and uncertainty must be factored in. Di erent country contexts will create a variety of REDD+ models with di erent institutional and policy mixes. Uncertainties about the shape of the future global REDD+ system, national readiness and political consensus require  exibility and a phased approach to REDD+ implementation.




Fresh Tracks in the Forest: Assessing Incipient Payments for Environmental Services Initiatives in Bolivia


Book Description

Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are being considered worldwide with great interest and expectation. Proposals to create agreements in which beneficiaries of environmental services pay landowners directly for the provision or protection of these services are innovative and promising. But what real PES experiences are actually out there? This work assesses a range of PES or PES-type experiences in one country, Bolivia, in the fields of carbon sequestration, protection of watershed services, biodiversity and aesthetic landscape values. The report concludes that while none of the generally young initiatives adhere fully to the principle of PES as developed in the theoretical literature, many experiment with some of the relevant PES mechanisms. Protection of watersheds and landscape values are the most common types, though the implementing intermediaries often have underlying biodiversity-protection goals. Main obstacles to PES implementation include ideological resistance against the PES concept, the difficulty of building trust between buyers and sellers, and limited willingness to pay on behalf of service users. During their relatively short lifetime, basically all initiatives had been successful in making service sellers (PES recipients) better off in economic terms, while the effectiveness in achieving environmental objectives and securing positive social impacts so far remained more variable. In some cases, redesigning these initiatives to bring them closer to the full PES principles could also enable them to more effectively achieve positive environmental and livelihood outcomes.




Land Resource Economics


Book Description