Author : William Russell Easterly
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 29,46 MB
Release : 2001
Category : Crecimiento economico
ISBN :
The worldwide slowdown in growth after 1975 played an important role in the debt crisis of the middle-income countries in the 1980s, the crisis of the heavily indebted poor countries in the 1980s and 1990s, and the increased public debt burden of the industrial countries in the 1980s and 1990s.
Author : William Easterly
Publisher :
Page : 35 pages
File Size : 35,40 MB
Release : 2016
Category :
ISBN :
The worldwide slowdown in growth after 1975 played an important role in the debt crisis of the middle-income countries in the 1980s, the crisis of the heavily indebted poor countries in the 1980s and 1990s, and the increased public debt burden of the industrial countries in the 1980s and 1990s.quot;Never take a sleeping pill and a laxative on the same night.quot;-Saying passed along by author's Aunt MarilynThe worldwide slowdown in growth after 1975 was a major negative fiscal shock. Slower growth lowers the present value of tax revenues and primary surpluses and thus makes a given level of debt more burdensome. Most countries failed to adjust to the negative fiscal consequences of the growth implosion, so public-debt-to-GDP ratios exploded.The growth slowdown therefore played an important role in the debt crisis of the middle-income countries in the 1980s, the crisis of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) in the 1980s and 1990s, and the increased public debt burden of the industrial countries in the 1980s and 1990s.Moreover, the HIPCs' debt problems were worse than elsewhere because, as a result of poor policies, these countries grew more slowly after 1975 than other low-income countries.Econometric tests and fiscal solvency accounting confirm the important role of growth in debt crises.This paper - a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study economic growth and fiscal sustainability. The author may be contacted at [email protected].
Author : William Easterly
Publisher :
Page : pages
File Size : 14,93 MB
Release : 1999
Category :
ISBN :
January 2001 The worldwide slowdown in growth after 1975 played an important role in the debt crisis of the middle-income countries in the 1980s, the crisis of the heavily indebted poor countries in the 1980s and 1990s, and the increased public debt burden of the industrial countries in the 1980s and 1990s. "Never take a sleeping pill and a laxative on the same night."--Saying passed along by author's Aunt Marilyn The worldwide slowdown in growth after 1975 was a major negative fiscal shock. Slower growth lowers the present value of tax revenues and primary surpluses and thus makes a given level of debt more burdensome. Most countries failed to adjust to the negative fiscal consequences of the growth implosion, so public-debt-to-GDP ratios exploded. The growth slowdown therefore played an important role in the debt crisis of the middle-income countries in the 1980s, the crisis of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) in the 1980s and 1990s, and the increased public debt burden of the industrial countries in the 1980s and 1990s. Moreover, the HIPCs' debt problems were worse than elsewhere because, as a result of poor policies, these countries grew more slowly after 1975 than other low-income countries. Econometric tests and fiscal solvency accounting confirm the important role of growth in debt crises. This paper--a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study economic growth and fiscal sustainability. The author may be contacted at [email protected].
Author : Kristin Komives
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 24,34 MB
Release : 2001
Category : Agua
ISBN :
The poor in most parts of the world may have electricity (especially in urban areas), but they rarely have water, sewer, and telephone services. When they gain access to local services, however, many do decide to connect.
Author : Leora Klapper
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 25,90 MB
Release : 2001
Category : Bank loans
ISBN :
A secured letter-of-credit loan allows a lender to make larger loans than would be permissible on an unsecured basis, maximizing a risky borrower's investment capital. Empirical evidence shows that secured letters of credit are used by borrowers who are informationally opaque and have higher observable risk. Such borrowers also have fewer growth opportunities and are less likely to pay dividends.
Author : Paulette Castel
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 10,59 MB
Release : 2001
Category : Pensiones de jubilacion - Union Sovietica
ISBN :
The authors analyze the gender implications of pension reform in Kazakhstan, the Kygyz Republic, Latvia, and Moldova. The new systems deliberately penalize early retirement and reward longer careers, so that with no change in behavior or policy, women's pensions will be lower than men's on average. Still, the implicit financial returns for women remain higher on average than returns for men, because of women's longer life expectancy and because of redistributory minimum pensions. Overall, however, the net change in wealth resulting from the reforms will be larger on average for men than for women, because they will work longer and get a larger pension. Women's longer life expectancy means that women can expect to spend the last years of their lives alone. If their pensions are too low because of their work histories, poverty among elderly women may increase.
Author : Estelle James
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 80 pages
File Size : 36,16 MB
Release : 2001
Category : Administrative Costs
ISBN :
Organizing individual retirement accounts through the institutional market and with constrained choice could substantially lower administrative costs. The tradeoff: rebidding problems, weaker performance incentives, inflexibility in the face of unforeseen contingencies, and an increased probability of corruption, collusion, and regulatory capture.
Author : Jeffrey S. Hammer
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 22 pages
File Size : 14,85 MB
Release : 2001
Category : Medical care
ISBN :
Whatever the theoretical attractiveness of certain policy options, the fact that public employees are people who make independent decisions about their careers and lifestyles can set bounds on how well government agencies can deliver promised services, such as universal health care, including in rural areas. Hammer and Jack examine the design and limitations of incentives for health care providers to serve in rural areas in developing countries. Governments face two problems: it is costly to compensate well-trained urban physicians enough to relocate to rural areas, and it is difficult to ensure quality care when monitoring performance is costly or impossible.
Author : Philip Keefer
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 46 pages
File Size : 10,99 MB
Release : 2001
Category : Anti-inflationary policies
ISBN :
In economically volatile conditions in which it is more difficult for the public to distinguish inflation deliberately generated by government from inflation created by unanticipated economic shocks, the anti-inflationary effect of central bank independence will be unchanged but the effectiveness of exchange rate pegs will be significantly improved. Keefer and Stasavage develop and test several new hypotheses about the anti-inflationary effect of central bank independence and exchange rate pegs in the context of different institutions and different degrees of citizen information about government policies.
Author : Will Martin
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 22,96 MB
Release : 1999
Category :
ISBN :
January 2001 There has been no single magic formula for the success of the East Asian transition economies (Cambodia, China, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Vietnam), whose performance in export and income growth has been strikingly better than that of transition economies in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Most of the trade policy problems that remain in these East Asian economies appear to be problems more of development than of transition. The performance of the East Asian transition economies in export and income growth has been strikingly better than that of countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The East Asian economies have achieved remarkably high growth rates in outputs and exports without the often large declines in output and exports observed in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. East Asian reformers have successfully made many of the parallel changes needed in both domestic and trade policies to secure export and income growth. (It makes no sense, for example, to introduce the trade policy instruments of a market economy when the domestic economy is still based on central planning.) But there has been no single magic formula for their success. Martin discusses what each of the economies (Cambodia, China, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Vietnam) has done. China experienced an extended transition process; the transition was much shorter in other East Asian transition economies--especially Cambodia. Several of the East Asian transition economies used accession to a regional arrangement as part of their reform strategy. China focused mainly on unilateral reforms and, more recently, reforms associated with its accession to the World Trade Organization. Most have made extensive use of policies to attract foreign investment and to mitigate the burden of protection on manufacturing exporters. Most of the remaining trade policy problems, although difficult, appear to be problems more of development than of transition. This paper--a product of Trade, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the role of trade reform in successful development and poverty alleviation. The author may be contacted at [email protected].
