Book Description

Transect-based hydraulic geometry relations are well established, but actually depend on a complex set of opaque fieldwork and computational decisions that sometimes go unexplained. River science is in the midst of a transformation from considering limited cross-sectional data to using an abundance of spatially explicit data. The term `near-census' is used herein to refer to comprehensive, spatially explicit, process-based approaches using the 1-m scale as the basic building block for investigating rivers. Hydraulic geometry is one of the classic tools of fluvial geomorphology that is ripe for re-envisioning from a near-census perspective. This study developed and applied a new spatially explicit method for analyzing discharge-dependent hydraulics coined `hydraulic topography' that not only increases accuracy, but also eliminates several sample- and assumption-based inconsistencies from the traditional method. Hydraulic topography relied on detailed, near-census river surveying and served as the baseline to assess cross-sectional methods. The testbed for comparing hydraulic topography and uniformly spaced cross-sectional hydraulic geometry approaches in this study was a set of meter-scale 2D hydrodynamic simulations of the regulated, gravel-cobble bed lower Yuba River. Using those model results, power functions were fit to discharge-dependent average width, depth, and velocity for three spatial scales and visually inspected. Then their corresponding exponents and coefficients were compared. Average hydraulics values derived from cross sections at the segment scale spanned up to 1.5 orders of magnitude for a given discharge. Transect-determined rates of reach scale depth and velocity increase with changing discharge were consistently over- and underestimated, respectively, relative to the hydraulic topography benchmark. Both methods showed that relative to riffles, pools had lower velocities at low discharges but a higher rate of velocity increase with increased flows. Pool depths were generally under represented by cross-sectional sampling due to inclusion of shallow shoreline depths. Overall, 73 percent of cross-sectional power regression parameters assessed fell between 10 and 50 absolute percent error with respect to the spatially explicit hydraulic topography approach. Although traditional transect-based sampling may be viable for certain uses, percent errors of this magnitude could compromise engineering applications in river management and training works. Using near-census hydraulic topography significantly increases the accuracy and representativeness of the results over cross-section hydraulic geometry.