Infinitesimal Differences


Book Description

The essays offer a unified and comprehensive view of 17th century mathematical and metaphysical disputes over status of infinitesimals, particularly the question whether they were real or mere fictions. Leibniz's development of the calculus and his understanding of its metaphysical foundation are taken as both a point of departure and a frame of reference for the 17th century discussions of infinitesimals, that involved Hobbes, Wallis, Newton, Bernoulli, Hermann, and Nieuwentijt. Although the calculus was undoubtedly successful in mathematical practice, it remained controversial because its procedures seemed to lack an adequate metaphysical or methodological justification. The topic is also of philosophical interest, because Leibniz freely employed the language of infinitesimal quantities in the foundations of his dynamics and theory of forces. Thus, philosophical disputes over the Leibnizian science of bodies naturally involve questions about the nature of infinitesimals. The volume also includes newly discovered Leibnizian marginalia in the mathematical writings of Hobbes.




The Continuous, the Discrete and the Infinitesimal in Philosophy and Mathematics


Book Description

This book explores and articulates the concepts of the continuous and the infinitesimal from two points of view: the philosophical and the mathematical. The first section covers the history of these ideas in philosophy. Chapter one, entitled ‘The continuous and the discrete in Ancient Greece, the Orient and the European Middle Ages,’ reviews the work of Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, and other Ancient Greeks; the elements of early Chinese, Indian and Islamic thought; and early Europeans including Henry of Harclay, Nicholas of Autrecourt, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Thomas Bradwardine and Nicolas Oreme. The second chapter of the book covers European thinkers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: Galileo, Newton, Leibniz, Descartes, Arnauld, Fermat, and more. Chapter three, 'The age of continuity,’ discusses eighteenth century mathematicians including Euler and Carnot, and philosophers, among them Hume, Kant and Hegel. Examining the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the fourth chapter describes the reduction of the continuous to the discrete, citing the contributions of Bolzano, Cauchy and Reimann. Part one of the book concludes with a chapter on divergent conceptions of the continuum, with the work of nineteenth and early twentieth century philosophers and mathematicians, including Veronese, Poincaré, Brouwer, and Weyl. Part two of this book covers contemporary mathematics, discussing topology and manifolds, categories, and functors, Grothendieck topologies, sheaves, and elementary topoi. Among the theories presented in detail are non-standard analysis, constructive and intuitionist analysis, and smooth infinitesimal analysis/synthetic differential geometry. No other book so thoroughly covers the history and development of the concepts of the continuous and the infinitesimal.




A Primer of Infinitesimal Analysis


Book Description

A rigorous, axiomatically formulated presentation of the 'zero-square', or 'nilpotent' infinitesimal.










Foundations of Infinitesimal Calculus


Book Description




The Nature of Infinitesimals


Book Description

Erickson explores and explains the infinite and the infinitesimal with application to absolute space, time and motion, as well as absolute zero temperature in this thoughtful treatise. Mathematicians, scientists and philosophers have explored the realms of the continuous and discrete for centuries. Erickson delves into the history of these concepts and how people learn and understand them. He regards the infinitesimal as the key to understanding much of the scientific basis of the universe, and intertwines mathematical examples and historical context from Aristotle, Kant, Euler, Newton and more with his deductions-resulting in a readable treatment of complex topics. The reader will gain an understanding of potential versus actual infinity, irrational and imaginary numbers, the infinitesimal, and the tangent, among other concepts. At the heart of Ericksons work is the veritable number system, in which positive and negative numbers are incompatible for the basic mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, roots and ratios. This number system, he demonstrates, can provide a new interpretation of imaginary numbers, as a combination of the real and the veritable. Erickson further explores limits, derivatives and integrals before turning his attention to non-Euclidean geometry. In each topic, he applies his new understanding of the infinitesimal to the ideas of mathematics and draws conclusions. In the case of non-Euclidean geometry, the author determines that its inconsistent with the infinitesimal. Erickson supplies illustrative examples both in words and images-he clearly defines new notation as needed for concepts such as eternity, the infinitesimal, the instant and an unlimited quantity. In the final chapters, the author addresses absolute space, time and motion through the lens of the infinitesimal. While explaining his deductions and thoughts on these complex topics, he raises new questions for his readers to contemplate, such as the origin of memory. A weighty tome for devotees of mathematics and physics that raises interesting questions.