Investors and Exploiters in Ecology and Economics


Book Description

Experts from the natural and social sciences examine the coexistence of productive and exploitative behavior strategies observable in many species at many levels. In the natural world, some agents (investors) employ strategies that provide resources, services, or information, while others (exploiters) gain advantages through these efforts. This behavior coexists and can be observed in many species and at many levels. For example, bacteria depend on the existence of biofilms to synthesize constituent proteins; cancerous cells employ angiogenesis to feed a tumor; and parents forgo vaccinating their children yet benefit from herd immunity. Two independent research traditions have developed to analyze this behavior—one couched in evolutionary theory championed by behavioral ecologists, the other in social science concepts advocated by economists. In this book experts from economics, evolutionary biology, behavioral ecology, public health, and anthropology look for commonalities in understanding and approach. The contributors consider parasitic strategies in ecological and economic terms; the governance of natural resources, with insights from “producer-scrounger models,” forest management, and game theory; human health, discussing therapeutic opportunities, public health economics, and the integration of perspectives; and behavioral, social, and institutional consequences of exploitation strategies. Contributors Michal Arbilly, Zoltán Barta, Jan Börner, Sam P. Brown, Max Burton-Chellew, Juan Camilo Cardenas, Sasha R. X. Dall, Miguel dos Santos, Frédérique Dubois, Paul W. Ewald, Gigi Foster, Paul Frijters, Luc-Alain Giraldeau, Ben Greiner, Reem Hajjar, Philipp Heeb, Markus Herrmann, Tatsuya Kameda, Alex Kacelnik, Kiryl Khalmetski, Andrew J. King, Hanna Kokko, Michael Kosfeld, Wolfgang Leininger, Arnem Lotem, Kimberley J. Mathot, John M. McNamara, Friederike Mengel, Johan A. Oldekop, Daniel Pauly, Benjamin Roche, Devesh Rustagi, William J. Sutherland, Frédéric Thomas, Thomas J. Valone, Joël van der Weele, Björn Vollan, Claus Wedekind, Bruce Winterhalder




Portfolio for the Planet


Book Description

Rapid growth of the global economy has accelerated the degradation of the Earth’s most important asset: the environment. Increasing poverty and challenges arising from climate change further threaten the planet’s natural systems. With a rising global population, the demand on natural resources to cover even basic human needs is intensifying – supporting businesses that promote the sustainable use of natural resources and help ensure their long-term viability is imperative. As part of a pioneering movement to harness business towards effecting environmental change, The Nature Conservancy launched EcoEnterprises Fund in 2000 to provide investment capital to grow small "eco"-businesses in Latin America. There is a compelling need for financing this niche. Companies of this size truly drive change – creating the engine for economic activity and generating livelihoods for bottom of the pyramid rural peoples which brings about positive social and conservation impacts. EcoEnterprises Fund’s portfolio highlights twenty-three cutting-edge companies, in expanding sectors such as organic agriculture, ecotourism, sustainable forestry, and non-timber forest products which include innovative industry first-movers—from organic shrimp to biodynamic flowers, and ready-to-drink smoothies made from the latest Amazonian berry. With a successful ten-year track record, EcoEnterprises Fund has valuable learning to share – from what pitfalls to avoid when structuring investments to what types of assistance entrepreneurs in these emerging environmental sectors need most. Portfolio for the Planet translates a decade of experience into accessible lessons for both veterans and newcomers in the field: for those interested in investing in sustainable businesses, discovering novel approaches to environmental conservation, or seeing entrepreneurs pursue their dreams.




Economics and the Crisis of Ecology


Book Description




The Economy of Nature


Book Description

Weaving together history, science, and personal experience, ranging from Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations to Leontief analysis and wilderness zoning, The Economy of Nature offers a blueprint for a greener and more prosperous world. It states quite bluntly that in the debate over wilderness preservation versus economic growth, both sides are wrong, and that a third path is not only possible but necessary. This third path is not a compromise between the other two but a whole new direction.




Economic Law in Globalizing Markets


Book Description

Many product markets have gone global already. Others are following. The globalization of markets is well understood by business. It has also come to dominate the economic policy agenda of nation states and supranational organizations. They all compete for inward investment to create and preserve employment opportunities. Economic law is one of several parameters in the global competition of systems. This study takes note of that new and additional function of economic law. Part I sets out to examine the making of economic law by states, by business and by international and supranational organizations. Part II discusses some of the main rules of substantive economic law divided into chapters on market law, transactions law and property rights law, and Part III addresses key issues of enforcement by the executive branch, on the one hand, and by the judiciary and arbitral tribunals, on the other. Each of the 32 chapters contains an essay on a current cross-border related problem of economic law, often as reflected in recent case law. Nearly 300 cases are discussed, or at least referred to, in that way. They were selected from international case law and from cases decided by EC, US and German courts (and courts of ten more countries) as well as by ICC, ICSID and other arbitral tribunals. The introductory notes to, and summaries of, the various parts and chapters integrate economic and political theory, and provide the common thread. The overall conclusion is to advocate a transnational approach, problem oriented and cutting right across all layers of sources of law (international, supranational, national and transnational law). It distinguishes neatly between public and private law aspects of economic law but decidedly treats them together. The book is of interest to academia and practitioners, both for references to current problems and for a vue d'ensemble. Advanced students might use the book to understand the logic of today's economic law. In addition to decades of research in international economic law, the author capitalizes on his exposure to a wide array of practical issues as well as on six years of English language teaching in Geneva. STUDIES IN TRANSNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 20




Comparative Psychology


Book Description

This volume traces the modern critical and performance history of this play, one of Shakespeare's most-loved and most-performed comedies. The essay focus on such modern concerns as feminism, deconstruction, textual theory, and queer theory.




An Introduction to Ecological Economics


Book Description

From Empty-World Economics to Full-World EconomicsEcological economics explores new ways of thinking about how we manage our lives and our planet to achieve a sustainable, equitable, and prosperous future. Ecological economics extends and integrates the study and management of both "nature's household" and "humankind's household"-An Introduction to




The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations


Book Description

Human well-being relies critically on ecosystem services provided by nature. Examples include water and air quality regulation, nutrient cycling and decomposition, plant pollination and flood control, all of which are dependent on biodiversity. They are predominantly public goods with limited or no markets and do not command any price in the conventional economic system, so their loss is often not detected and continues unaddressed and unabated. This in turn not only impacts human well-being, but also seriously undermines the sustainability of the economic system. It is against this background that TEEB: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity project was set up in 2007 and led by the United Nations Environment Programme to provide a comprehensive global assessment of economic aspects of these issues. This book, written by a team of international experts, represents the scientific state of the art, providing a comprehensive assessment of the fundamental ecological and economic principles of measuring and valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity, and showing how these can be mainstreamed into public policies. This volume and subsequent TEEB outputs will provide the authoritative knowledge and guidance to drive forward the biodiversity conservation agenda for the next decade.




The Three Laws of International Investment


Book Description

There are three legal frameworks applicable to international investments: the laws of the host state and the investor's country, the contract between the host state and the investor, and the rules of international investment law. This book assesses how these three bodies of law interact in investment agreements and dispute arbitration.




The Law of Investment Treaties


Book Description

Investment treaties grant special international protection to foreign investors, and give them a means to enforce those rights against States in which they have invested. This book systematically examines the law of international investment treaties, particularly with respect to its origins, structure, content, and effects. Although the precise provisions of investment treaties are not uniform, virtually all investment treaties address the same issues. This book examines those issues in detail, including the scope of application, conditions for the entry of foreign investment, and general standards of treatment of foreign investments. Investment treaty law has continued to evolve rapidly and dramatically since publication of the second edition of this work in 2015. The field has seen considerable growth in the number and scope of investment treaties, now estimated at 3300, and investor-state arbitrations cases, which reached over 1000 in 2020. The field has also experienced significant changes and reforms. In 2018, eleven Pacific Basin Countries, despite the withdrawal of the United States, forged ahead to conclude the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTTP), a potentially far reaching regional trade and investment agreement. The next year, the three north American nations replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). And in 2020, European Union member states terminated over 100 intra-EU BITs, leaving intra-EU investors to rely on EU law and legal processes alone for protection from unfavourable government acts. This edition of The Law of Investment Treaties incorporates a consideration of all of these and other reforms into its analysis of the body of law created by investment treaties since World War II.