Society, State, and Identity in African History


Book Description

The Fourth Congress of the Association of African historians was held in Addis Ababa in May 2007. These 21 papers are a key selection of the papers presented there, with an introduction by the distinguished historian Bahru Zewde. Given the contemporary salience and the historical depth of the issue of identity, the congress was devoted to that global phenomenon within Africa. The papers explore and analyse the issue of identity in its diverse temporal settings, from its pre-colonial roots to its cotemporary manifestations. The papers are divided into six parts: Pre-Colonial Identities; Colonialism and Identity; Conceptions of the Nation-State and Identity; Identity-Based Conflicts; Migration and Acculturation; and Memory, History and Identity. The authors are scholars from Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Bahru Zewde is Emeritus Professor of History at Addis Ababa University, Executive Director of the Forum for Social Studies, and Vice-President of the Association of African Historians. He was formerly Chairperson of the Department of History and Director of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies at Addis Ababa University. Amongst his publication is A History of Modern Ethiopia 1855-1991.




Sacred Landscapes in Antiquity


Book Description

From generation to generation, people experience their landscapes differently. Humans depend on their natural environment: it shapes their behavior while it is often felt that deities responsible for both natural benefits and natural calamities (such as droughts, famines, floods and landslides) need to be appeased. We presume that, in many societies, lakes, rivers, rocks, mountains, caves and groves were considered sacred. Individual sites and entire landscapes are often associated with divine actions, mythical heroes and etiological myths. Throughout human history, people have also felt the need to monumentalize their sacred landscape. But this is where the similarities end as different societies had very different understandings, believes and practices. The aim of this new thematic appraisal is to scrutinize carefully our evidence and rethink our methodologies in a multi-disciplinary approach. More than 30 papers investigate diverse sacred landscapes from the Iberian peninsula and Britain in the west to China in the east. They discuss how to interpret the intricate web of ciphers and symbols in the landscape and how people might have experienced it. We see the role of performance, ritual, orality, textuality and memory in people’s sacred landscapes. A diachronic view allows us to study how landscapes were ‘rewritten’, adapted and redefined in the course of time to suit new cultural, political and religious understandings, not to mention the impact of urbanism on people’s understandings. A key question is how was the landscape manipulated, transformed and monumentalized – especially the colossal investments in monumental architecture we see in certain socio-historic contexts or the creation of an alternative humanmade, seemingly ‘non-natural’ landscape, with perfectly astronomically aligned buildings that define a cosmological order? Sacred Landscapes therefore aims to analyze the complex links between landscape, ‘religiosity’ and society, developing a dialectic framework that explores sacred landscapes across the ancient world in a dynamic, holistic, contextual and historical perspective.




The Cosmopolitan


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The Joy of Life


Book Description

"Werth weaves together complex analyses of these paintings and others by Manet, Gauguin, Seurat, Cezanne, and less well known artists with a consideration of their critical reception, literary parallels, and the social and cultural milieu. She moves from artistic concerns with tradition and avant-gardism, decoration and social art, composition and figuration to contemporary debates over human origins and social organization."--BOOK JACKET.




Cancer on Trial


Book Description

There were no medical oncologists until a few decades ago. In the early 1960s, not only were there no such specialists, many practitioners regarded the treatment of terminally-ill cancer patients with heroic courses of chemotherapy as highly questionable. Physicians loath to assign patients randomly to competing treatments also expressed their outright opposition to the randomized clinical trials that were then relatively rare. And yet today these trials form the basis of medical oncology. How did such a spectacular change occur? How did medical oncology move from a non-entity and in some regards a reviled practice to the central position it now occupies in modern medicine? Cancer on Trial answers these questions by exploring how practitioners established a new style of practice, at the center of which lies the cancer clinical trial.




Cosmopolitan


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Les Oeuvres Choisies de George Sand. The Selected Works of George Sand


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Le jeune prince Karol de Roswald venait de perdre sa mère lorsqu'il fit connaissance avec la Floriani. Il était plongé encore dans une tristesse profonde, et rien ne pouvait le distraire. La princesse de Roswald avait été pour lui une mère tendre et parfaite. Elle avait prodigué à son enfance débile et souffreteuse les soins les plus assidus et le dévouement le plus entier. Élevé sous les yeux de cette digne et noble femme, le jeune homme n'avait eu qu'une passion réelle dans toute sa vie: l'amour filial. Cet amour réciproque du fils et de la mère les avait rendus exclusifs, et peut-être un peu trop absolus dans leur manière de voir et de sentir. La princesse était d'un esprit supérieur et d'une grande instruction, il est vrai; son entretien et ses enseignements semblaient pouvoir tenir lieu de tout au jeune Karol. La frêle santé de celui-ci s'était opposée à ces études classiques, pénibles, sèchement tenaces, qui ne valent pas toujours par elles-mêmes les leçons d'une mère éclairée, mais qui ont cet avantage indispensable de nous apprendre à travailler, parce qu'elles sont comme la clef de la science de la vie. La princesse de Roswald ayant écarté les pédagogues et les livres, par ordonnance des médecins, s'était attachée à former l'esprit et le cœur de son fils, par sa conversation, par ses récits, par une sorte d'insufflation de son être moral, que le jeune homme avait aspirée avec délices. Il était donc arrivé à savoir beaucoup sans avoir rien appris. Mais rien ne remplace l'expérience; et le soufflet que, dans mon enfance, on donnait encore aux marmots pour leur graver dans la mémoire le souvenir d'une grande émotion, d'un fait historique, d'un crime célèbre, ou de tout autreexemple à suivre ou à éviter, n'était pas chose si niaise que cela nous parait aujourd'hui. Nous ne donnons plus ce soufflet à nos enfants; mais ils vont le chercher ailleurs, et la lourde main de l'expérience l'applique plus rudement que ne ferait la nôtre. Le jeune Karol de Roswald connut donc le monde et la vie de bonne heure, de trop bonne heure peut-être, mais par la théorie et non par la pratique. Dans le louable dessein d'élever son âme, sa mère ne laissa approcher de lui que des personnes distinguées, dont les préceptes et l'exemple devaient lui être salutaires. Il sut bien que dehors il y avait des méchants et des fous, mais il n'apprit qu'à les éviter, nullement à les connaître. On lui enseigna bien à secourir les malheureux; les portes du palais où s'écoula son enfance étaient toujours ouvertes aux nécessiteux; mais, tout en les assistant, il s'habitua à mépriser la cause de leur détresse et à regarder cette plaie comme irrémédiable dans l'humanité. Le désordre, la paresse, l'ignorance ou le manque de jugement, sources fatales d'égarement et de misère, lui parurent, avec raison, incurables chez les individus. On ne lui apprit point à croire que les masses doivent et peuvent insensiblement s'en affranchir, et qu'en prenant l'humanité corps à corps, en discutant avec elle, en la gourmandent, et la caressant tour à tour, comme un enfant qu'on aime, en lui pardonnant beaucoup de rechutes pour en obtenir quelques progrès, on fait plus pour elle qu'en jetant à ses membres perclus ou gangrenés le secours restreint de la compassion.




Reviving Roman Religion


Book Description

Sacred trees are easy to dismiss as a simplistic, weird phenomenon, but this book argues that in fact they prompted sophisticated theological thinking in the Roman world. Challenging major aspects of current scholarly constructions of Roman religion, Ailsa Hunt rethinks what sacrality means in Roman culture, proposing an organic model which defies the current legalistic approach. She approaches Roman religion as a 'thinking' religion (in contrast to the ingrained idea of Roman religion as orthopraxy) and warns against writing the environment out of our understanding of Roman religion, as has happened to date. In addition, the individual trees showcased in this book have much to tell us which enriches and thickens our portraits of Roman religion, be it about the subtleties of engaging in imperial cult, the meaning of numen, the interpretation of portents, or the way statues of the Divine communicate.