Oxidation Fundamentals and Its Application to Turbine Oil Testing


Book Description

The current turbine oil oxidation bench tests have been in place for many years. Recently, however, the basestocks used to formulate these lubricants have changed significantly. Traditional basestocks, containing high levels of aromatics and sulfur, have been substantially displaced by more highly refined basestocks, which have very low levels of aromatics and almost no sulfur. Over time it has become clear that the oxidation performance of the different basestock classes is quite different. One key question, however, remains unanswered, "What modifications are required in current bench tests to adequately mimic oxidation processes in modern turbine lubricants?" In order to adequately address this critical question, the fundamentals of lubricant oxidation and stabilization will be discussed. Data will be presented on the oxidation of different basestocks under varying conditions of temperature, metal catalysts and antioxidant type, using model bulk oil oxidation tests. The data highlights the fundamental oxidation mechanisms that can occur in turbine oil systems and new test methods are proposed.







Lubrication Fundamentals, Revised and Expanded


Book Description

Careful selection of the right lubricant(s) is required to keep a machine running smoothly. Lubrication Fundamentals, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded describes the need and design for the many specialized oils and greases used to lubricate machine elements and builds on the tribology and lubrication basics discussed in previous editions. Utilizing knowledge from leading experts in the field, the third edition covers new lubrication requirements, crude oil composition and selection, base stock manufacture, lubricant formulation and evaluation, machinery and lubrication fundamentals, and environmental stewardship. The book combines lubrication theory with practical knowledge, and provides many useful illustrations to highlight key industrial, commercial, marine, aviation, and automotive lubricant applications and concepts. All previous edition chapters have been updated to include new technologies, applications, and specifications that have been introduced in the past 15 years. What’s New in the Third Edition: Adds three new chapters on the growing renewable energy application of wind turbines, the impact of lubricants on energy efficiency, and best practice guidelines on establishing an in-service lubricant analysis program Updates API, SAE, and ACEA engine oil specifications, descriptions of new engine oil tests, impact of engine and fuel technology trends on engine oil Includes the latest environmental lubricant tests, definitions, and labelling programs Compiles expert information from ExxonMobil publications and the foremost international equipment builders and industry associations Covers key influences impacting lubricant formulations and technology Offers data on global energy demand and interesting statistics such as the worldwide population of nuclear reactors, wind turbines, and output of hydraulic turbines Presents new sections on the history of synthetic lubricants and hazardous chemical labeling for lubricants Whether used as a training guide for industry novices, a textbook for students to understand lubrication principles, or a technical reference for experienced lubrication and tribology professionals, Lubrication Fundamentals, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded is a "must read" for maintenance professionals, lubricant formulators and marketers, chemists, and lubrication, surface, chemical, mechanical, and automotive engineers.




Lubrication Fundamentals


Book Description

Building on the cornerstone of the first edition, Lubrication Fundamentals Second Edition outlines the emergence of higher performance-specialty application oils and greases and emphasizes the need for lubrication and careful lubricant selection. Thoroughly updated and rewritten since the previous edition reached its 10th printing, the book discuss




Evaluation and Comparison Between Oxidation Stability Test Methods for Turbine Oils


Book Description

Traditionally, long established oxidation tests such as TOST (ASTM D 943-03) and RPVOT (ASTM D 2272-02) in combination with the acid number (ASTM D 974-03) test has been used to screen the oxidation stability of turbine oils. Lately, nevertheless, a new voltammetric method has been applied to measure the remaining useful life (RUL) of turbine oils, RULERTM (ASTM D 6971-03) as it uses microlitre amounts of sample and needs only a short testing time. The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between the RULERTM voltammetric test in comparison to the standing oxidation turbine methods, TOST and RPVOT.Three fully formulated commercially available oils were studied; two were based on synthetic esters and one was mineral oil based. In addition, other oils were tested in our laboratories in Norway and Sweden in order to investigate the correlation between RULERTM and RPVOT oxidation stability tests. Field samples were also used to evaluate those methods.Although those studies have been worthwhile, reaching a definite conclusion regarding correlations has proven to be somewhat difficult. It is clear, however, that by a careful methodology, a useful correlation for the investigated oil types may be obtained. For example, guide limits for RULERTM results and their correlation to RPVOT values were established.




Lubrication Fundamentals, Revised and Expanded


Book Description

Careful selection of the right lubricant(s) is required to keep a machine running smoothly. Lubrication Fundamentals, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded describes the need and design for the many specialized oils and greases used to lubricate machine elements and builds on the tribology and lubrication basics discussed in previous editions. Utilizing knowledge from leading experts in the field, the third edition covers new lubrication requirements, crude oil composition and selection, base stock manufacture, lubricant formulation and evaluation, machinery and lubrication fundamentals, and environmental stewardship. The book combines lubrication theory with practical knowledge, and provides many useful illustrations to highlight key industrial, commercial, marine, aviation, and automotive lubricant applications and concepts. All previous edition chapters have been updated to include new technologies, applications, and specifications that have been introduced in the past 15 years. What’s New in the Third Edition: Adds three new chapters on the growing renewable energy application of wind turbines, the impact of lubricants on energy efficiency, and best practice guidelines on establishing an in-service lubricant analysis program Updates API, SAE, and ACEA engine oil specifications, descriptions of new engine oil tests, impact of engine and fuel technology trends on engine oil Includes the latest environmental lubricant tests, definitions, and labelling programs Compiles expert information from ExxonMobil publications and the foremost international equipment builders and industry associations Covers key influences impacting lubricant formulations and technology Offers data on global energy demand and interesting statistics such as the worldwide population of nuclear reactors, wind turbines, and output of hydraulic turbines Presents new sections on the history of synthetic lubricants and hazardous chemical labeling for lubricants Whether used as a training guide for industry novices, a textbook for students to understand lubrication principles, or a technical reference for experienced lubrication and tribology professionals, Lubrication Fundamentals, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded is a "must read" for maintenance professionals, lubricant formulators and marketers, chemists, and lubrication, surface, chemical, mechanical, and automotive engineers.




Evaluation and Comparison Between Oxidation Stability Test Methods for Turbine Oils


Book Description

Traditionally, long established oxidation tests such as TOST (ASTM D 943-03) and RPVOT (ASTM D 2272-02) in combination with the acid number (ASTM D 974-03) test has been used to screen the oxidation stability of turbine oils. Lately, nevertheless, a new voltammetric method has been applied to measure the remaining useful life (RUL) of turbine oils, RULERTM (ASTM D 6971-03) as it uses microlitre amounts of sample and needs only a short testing time. The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between the RULERTM voltammetric test in comparison to the standing oxidation turbine methods, TOST and RPVOT. Three fully formulated commercially available oils were studied; two were based on synthetic esters and one was mineral oil based. In addition, other oils were tested in our laboratories in Norway and Sweden in order to investigate the correlation between RULERTM and RPVOT oxidation stability tests. Field samples were also used to evaluate those methods. Although those studies have been worthwhile, reaching a definite conclusion regarding correlations has proven to be somewhat difficult. It is clear, however, that by a careful methodology, a useful correlation for the investigated oil types may be obtained. For example, guide limits for RULERTM results and their correlation to RPVOT values were established.




Industrial Tribology


Book Description

Integrating very interesting results from the most important R & D project ever made in Germany, this book offers a basic understanding of tribological systems and the latest developments in reduction of wear and energy consumption by tribological measures. This ready reference and handbook provides an analysis of the most important tribosystems using modern test equipment in laboratories and test fields, the latest results in material selection and wear protection by special coatings and surface engineering, as well as with lubrication and lubricants. This result is a quick introduction for mechanical engineers and laboratory technicians who have to monitor and evaluate lubricants, as well as for plant maintenance personnel, engineers and chemists in the automotive and transportation industries and in all fields of mechanical manufacturing industries, researchers in the field of mechanical engineering, chemistry and material sciences.




Methods of Test for Petroleum and Its Products. Petroleum Products and Lubricants. Inhibited Mineral Turbine Oils. Determination of Oxidation Stability


Book Description

Petroleum products, Petroleum, Chemical analysis and testing, Mineral oils, Lubricating oils, Oils, Hydraulic fluids, Turbines, Oxidation resistance, Chemical-resistance tests, Test equipment, Testing conditions, Determination of content, Sludge, Volumetric analysis, Acidimetry, Oxidation methods, Acidity, Thermometers, Precision, Reproducibility




Fundamentals of Lubrication


Book Description