Research of Production Techniques for Obtaining Over 50% Solid in Slush Hydrogen


Book Description

Liquid-solid mixtures of hydrogen (slush hydrogen) were produced by vacuum pumping, gaseous He injection with vacuum pumping, and by cooling with liquid He in a low heat leak apparatus that permitted visual observation of the experiments through a periscopic device. The slush H produced by these methods was compressed to a maximum pressure of 1.25 psi and the resulting solid content (slush quality) was determined by calculation methods. For the compressed slush H produced by vacuum pumping, the quality was generally in the 65 to 85% range, while the compressed quality produced by the He injection with the vacuum pumping method ranged from 55 to 85% depending upon solid formation procedure. The compressed quality for slush H produced by cooling with liquid He generally ranged from 65 to 95% depending on the method of freezing and the time elapsed during the compression. A number of characteristics were noted which varied with the production techniques employed. (Author).







Advances in Cryogenic Engineering


Book Description

The 1965 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, in presenting the papers of its eleventh annual meeting takes this opportunity to gratefuIly acknowledge the assistance of Rice University and, in particular, R. Kobayashi and his staff for serving as hosts for this conference. This meeting, because of its proximity to the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, has recognized the impact of the space age on the cryogenic field and has, there fore, attempted to emphasize this aspect of cryogenics to a greater degree than in past conferences. The highlight of this conference has been the presentation of the highest Cryogenic Engineering Conference award-The Samuel C. CoIlins Award-to its first recipient, Dr. Samuel C. Collins. This award, set up in his name, has recognized the outstanding contributions that Dr. S. C. CoIlins, retired Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has made in the field of helium liquefaction. His significant advances in various phases of cryogenics have been recognized inter nationaIly by numerous organizations. High on this list has been the tribute which was bestowed on hirn by the Kamerlingh-Onnes Laboratory in Leiden in awarding hirn the first Kamerlingh-Onnes gold medal to an American in 1958. The Cryogenic Engineering Conference, in addition to recognizing his pioneering work in helium liquefaction by the presentation of the Samuel C. Collins Award, also dedicates this volume of the Advances in Cryogenic Engineering to hirn.




90-3786 - 90-3844


Book Description







Advances in Cryogenic Engineering


Book Description

All papers have been peer-reviewed. This conference is the principal North American Conference on cryogenic engineering. It is attended by scientists and engineers from all over the world. The papers published here have been fully refereed and cover all aspects of cryogenic engineering including: refrigeration, superconductivity, cryocoolers, air liquefaction, heat and mass transfer, insulation systems, cryostat design and space cryogenics.




Theoretical, Experimental, and Analytical Examination of Subcooled and Solid Hydrogen


Book Description

Methods were investigated, both theoretically and experimentally, for production of liquid-solid mixtures of hydrogen ('hydrogen slush'). Small scale experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of a number of techniques; the practicability and costs for these methods were determined theoretically. The theoretical analyses showed that techniques for producing hydrogen slush by vacuum pumping appeared most practical in view of capital investment and operating costs. Injection of cold helium gas was determined to be the most promising method for upgrading the solid content of slush mixtures after transfer to flight vehicle tankage. The theoretical analyses were verified within expectable error by large scale experiments in a low heat leak apparatus that permitted visual observation of experiments through a periscopic device. Liquid-solid hydrogen mixtures were produced having solid contents ranging from 20 percent to 55 percent. A number of characteristics were noted which varied with the production techniques used and with attempts to upgrade the quality of the slush produced. Some mixtures were flowable, and others were not. (Author).