The Chemical Histories of Soot and Buckminsterfullerene


Book Description

Scientists often argue among themselves about the best description of nature. Science journalists, primarily reporters of scientists’ work, and facilitators of their arguments, sometimes go beyond reportage and actually join such arguments, or even initiate them. This book presents the story of such a case. In 1985, the first reports of the discovery of the spherical molecule C60 Buckminsterfullerene, a new third form of carbon beyond diamond and graphite appeared and excited the world, especially the science media. At about the same time, but with much less fanfare, a new description of the formation of the small carbon particles called soot emerged. As this book shows, Nobel laureates-to-be Rick Smalley, Harry Kroto, and Bob Curl sought acknowledgement as discoverers of C60 using the media skillfully. Rudy Baum, a correspondent and eventual editor for premier chemistry newsmagazine Chemical and Engineering News, helped promote and establish the validity of their claim not only by reporting it, but by linking it with the soot science world, evidently contriving an argument between physical chemists and combustion scientists. The soot formation modeler Michael Frenklach tried in vain to quash the notion of such an argument and Chemical and Engineering News never retracted Baum’s spectacular story of conflict.




Biosensors Based on Graphene, Graphene Oxide and Graphynes for Early Detection of Cancer


Book Description

The detection of cancer at its earliest stages is paramount for successful treatment and improved patient outcomes. In recent years, the field of nanotechnology has witnessed significant advancements, and one material that has emerged as a potential game-changer in cancer detection is graphene. Graphene's high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and ability to interact with biological molecules have paved the way for innovative approaches to diagnosing cancer. Moreover, graphene oxide, a derivative of graphene, has gained significant attention in the field of cancer detection. Its unique properties, including biocompatibility and high photothermal conversion efficiency, enable its use in various imaging techniques. Graphene oxide can selectively accumulate in tumor tissues, enhancing the contrast signals in imaging modalities like optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and photoacoustic imaging. This allows for precise visualization and localization of cancerous cells or tissues, aiding in early detection and accurate diagnosis. Features: Provides a comprehensive exploration of carbon, its allotropes, and its significance in emerging applications. Discusses the synthesis and functionalization of graphene on diverse substrates, and modeling approaches employed in graphene research. Details the application of graphene, graphene oxide, and graphyne-based materials on cancer detection. Explores the overview of the wider biological applications of carbon-based materials. This book will serve as a valuable reference source for researchers, academics, and biologists working in R&D and interested in biosensing for the early detection of cancer.




Chemical History


Book Description

This book provides an historical overview of the recent developments in the history of diverse fields within chemistry. It follows on from Recent Developments in the History of Chemistry, a volume published in 1985. Covering chiefly the last 20 years, the primary aim of Chemical History: Reviews of the Recent Literature is to familiarise newcomers to the history of chemistry with some of the more important developments in the field. Starting with a general introduction and look at the early history of chemistry, subsequent chapters go on to investigate the traditional areas of chemistry (physical, organic, inorganic) alongside analytical chemistry, physical organic chemistry, medical chemistry and biochemistry, and instruments and apparatus. Topics such as industrial chemistry and chemistry in national contexts, whilst not featuring as separate chapters, are woven throughout the content. Each chapter is written by experts and is extensively referenced to the international chemical literature. Chemical History: Reviews of the Recent Literature is also ideal for chemists who wish to become familiar with historical aspects of their work. In addition, it will appeal to a wider audience interested in the history of chemistry, as it draws together historical materials that are widely scattered throughout the chemical literature.




Perfect Symmetry


Book Description

Buckyballs are hollow-sphere molecules of 60 carbon atoms arranged such that they resemble the famous geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. Science writer Baggott recounts how the new form of the common element was developed; the applications of its radically different properties, particularly in high-temperature superconductors; and the implications of its discovery for chemistry and the conception of large carbon structures. Most of his account is accessible to readers with little or no scientific background. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR




History of Nanotechnology


Book Description

The scientific knowledge of nanoscience and nanotechnology is regarded to be a modern sciencethat evolved after Feynman’s concept was formulated in the 1950s. However, Faraday and other scientists in the 19th century showed the science behind the small and its relation to optical properties. And it is now accepted that knowledge of using nanoparticles prevailed during the medieval period as well. This book takes the readers on a fascinating journey writing the history of nanotechnology based on the evidence of existence from the prehistoric period right up to the contemporary times. Nature utilized nanotechnology during the origin and expansion of the universe and especially in the evolution of living beings on our planet. Early civilizations in different parts of globe fabricated and used materials without having perception of their actual size. This unique historical view systematically evaluates the development of various applications of nanotechnology through the ages and the science behind it. Some of the issues covered include: • How old is nanotechnology? • Pre-historic evidence of knowledge of nanotechnology • Nanotechnology in ancient India • Ayurvedic Bhasma as nanomedicine • Mayan’s knowledge of nanotechnology • Nanotechnology during the Roman empire and medieval period • European knowledge in the 19th century • Modern and contemporary history of nanotechnology This book is compilation of existence of scientific knowledge even of the people who existed before there were schools, universities and organized teaching. The author has scoured literature dating back to Mayan ... as well as historical observations A systematic evaluation of development of various applications of nanotechnology and the science behind it is presented in this book under following headings -How old is Nanotechnology -Pre-historic Evidence of Knowledge of Nanotechnology -Nanotechnology in Ancient India -Ayurvedic Bhasma as Nanomedicine, its use prevails even today -Mayan’s Knowledge of Nanotechnology -Nanotechnologists Flourished During Roman Empire and medieval period -European Nano knowledge That Led to Faraday Understands of Gold Nanoparticles -Contemporary History of Nanotechnology




C60: Buckminsterfullerene


Book Description

This compendium of accounts reveals the unique perspectives of many scientists who made major contributions to the Nobel Prize-winning discovery of C60 buckminsterfullerene but who have not previously published personal accounts. The introduction attempts to provide a rational framework for understanding how this discovery came about and how firmly




A Chemical History Tour


Book Description

Von der Alchimie zur modernen Chemie, von der Kunst des Goldmachens zur Moleküldynamik und chemischen Großproduktion: Verfolgen Sie die Entwicklung einer geheimnisvollen Kunst zur Naturwissenschaft! Der Autor trug Dokumente und Illustrationen aus über 400 Jahren zusammen; die Abbildungen sind ganzseitig und von hervorragender Qualität. Lebendig, interessant, informativ! (05/00)




The Fullerenes


Book Description

Until recently, the element carbon was believed to exhibit only two main allotropic forms, diamond and graphite. Research in the US and Europe has now confirmed the existence of a third previously unknown form - buckminsterfullerene (C60) and its relatives, the fullerenes (C24, C28, C32, C70 etc). The story of fullerene chemistry, physics and materials science began in 1985, almost twenty years after the existence of a spherical carbon cluster was first considered. In September 1985 a joint Sussex/Rice Universities team including Kroto, Heath, O'Brien, Curl and Smalley used a powerful mass spectrometric technique to identify the C+60 species, and proposed a spherical structure and the name buckminsterfullerene. It was not, however, until Krätschmer and Huffman reported the isolation of crystals of C60 in 1990 that the closed cage structure of C60 could be confirmed. The Fullerenes documents the work leading up to 1990 and more recent developments in the field of fullerene research and will serve as an indispensible reference tool for all workers in this area.




Soot Formation in Combustion


Book Description

Soot Formation in Combustion represents an up-to-date overview. The contributions trace back to the 1991 Heidelberg symposium entitled "Mechanism and Models of Soot Formation" and have all been reedited by Prof. Bockhorn in close contact with the original authors. The book gives an easy introduction to the field for newcomers, and provides detailed treatments for the specialists. The following list of contents illustrates the topics under review:




The Mathematics and Topology of Fullerenes


Book Description

The Mathematics and Topology of Fullerenes presents a comprehensive overview of scientific and technical innovations in theoretical and experimental studies. Topics included in this multi-author volume are: Clar structures for conjugated nanostructures; counting polynomials of fullerenes; topological indices of fullerenes; the wiener index of nanotubes; toroidal fullerenes and nanostars; C60 Structural relatives: a topological study; local combinatorial characterization of fullerenes; computation of selected topological indices of C60 and C80 Fullerenes via the Gap Program; 4valent- analogues of fullerenes; a detailed atlas of Kekule structures of C60. The Mathematics and Topology of Fullerenes is targeted at advanced graduates and researchers working in carbon materials, chemistry and physics.