The Finnish Army, 1881-1901


Book Description

Between 1881 and 1901 Finland raised a small army that was uniquely separate from the armed forces of the Russian Empire to which Finland belonged as an autonomous grand duchy. This "old" Finnish army has been neglected by military historians because it has been overshadowed by the importance of the army of independent Finland. This book attempts to redress the balance. Although its focus is on the training of rifle battalions that constituted the bulk of the Finnish army of 1881-1901, it ranges widely over the character and purpose of the army as a whole. The book also provides information about the Russian army's training regime which formed the context of the Finnish army's work. As a competent and patriotic military force, the "old army" is shown to be as worthy of regard as the Finnish armies raised at other times.




Scandinavia and the Great Powers 1890-1940


Book Description

Survey of the changing position of all four Nordic states in twentieth-century international relations.




A Short History of Finland


Book Description

Finland has often been ignored or misunderstood by the English-speaking world and this work presents the reader with a readable and authoritative introduction to the life of the Finns and the position of their country in the modern world. The book explains how a small nation, placed in an unfavorable geopolitical situation, won its independence and eventually achieved a high material standard of living together with an enviable degree of social and political stability by adapting itself to the realities of life in an unpromising environment. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.




Manhood and the Making of the Military


Book Description

When Finland gained its independence from Russia in 1917, the country had not had a military for almost two decades. The ensuing creation of a new national conscript army aroused intense but conflicting emotions among the Finns. This book examines how a modern conscript army, born out of a civil war, had to struggle through social, cultural and political minefields to find popular acceptance. Exploring the ways that images of manhood were used in the controversies, it reveals the conflicts surrounding compulsory military service in a democratic society and the compromises made as the new nation had to develop the will and skill to defend itself. Through the lens of masculinity, another picture of conscription emerges, offering new understandings of why military service was resisted and supported, dreaded and celebrated in Finnish society. Intertwined with the story of the making of the military runs the story of how manhood was made and remade through the idealized images and real-life experiences of conscripted soldiers. Placing interwar Finland within a broad European context, the book traces the origins of competing military traditions and ideological visions of modern male citizenship back to their continental origins. It contributes to the need for studies on the impact of the Great War on masculinities and constructions of gender among military cultures in the peacetime period between the two world wars.




Scandinavia and the Great Powers in the First World War


Book Description

This study is among the first works in English to comprehensively address the Scandinavian First World War experience in the larger international context of the war. It surveys the complex relationship between the belligerent great powers and Northern Europe's neutral small states in times of crisis and war. The book's overreaching rationale draws upon three underlying conceptual fields: neutrality and international law, hegemony and great power politics as well as diplomacy and policy-making of small states in the international arena. From a variety of angles, it examines the question of how neutrality was understood and perceived, negotiated and dealt with both among the Scandinavian states and the belligerent major powers, especially Britain, Germany and Russia. For a long time, the experience of neutral countries during the First World War was seen as marginal, and was overshadowed by the experiences of occupation and collaboration brought about by the Second World War. In this book, Jonas demonstrates how this perception has changed, with neutrality becoming an integral part of the multiple narratives of the First World War. It is an important contribution to the international history of the First World War, cultural-historically influenced approaches to diplomatic history and the growing area of neutrality studies.




A Literary and Historical Exploration of the Life and Works of Runar Schildt


Book Description

This is the first book written for an English language audience on the work of the Finland-Swedish author, Runar Schildt (1888-1925). Schildt was a highly cosmopolitan writer, who kept a keen eye on the latest continental prose and showed an affinity for the literary decadence that was in fashion around the turn-of-the-century, as well as early modernism. He worked as a literary critic, a theater director, and a translator, which kept him in touch with the latest literary trends in Europe. The book posits that Schildt’s work bears witness to the turbulent times he lived in: he saw his native Finland transformed from a Grand Duchy of Russia to a republic, against the backdrop of the Russian Revolution and the Finnish Civil War. Schildt’s literary career provides important cultural and historical insights into this significant moment of modern European history.




The Army in Finland During the Last Decades of Swedish Rule, 1770-1809


Book Description

This book describes the army raised in Finland during the reigns of Gustav III and Gustav IV Adolf, the last decades of Swedish rule. It considers the organisation of the army and its role in the defence of Finland. Regimental records and official regulations have been used to illustrate the army's peacetime routine, which for the majority of officers and soldiers comprised a life as farmers punctuated by periods of training and public works. Subjects covered in the book range from discipline to uniforms. Special attention is paid to how an army whose official language was Swedish interacted with its Finnish-speaking soldiers. The book concludes with an examination of the mobilisation of the army, its performance in war and effectiveness as a fighting force.




Warfare in Europe 1815914


Book Description

The history of nineteenth-century European warfare is framed by the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. The Crimean War and the struggles for Italian and German unification divide this century in two. In the first half, armies struggled to emerge from the shadow of Napoleon amidst an era of financial retrenchment, political unrest and accelerating technological change. The mid-century wars left an equally problematic legacy, including aspects that pointed towards 'total war'. The 26 essays in this volume examine these changes from a variety of innovative and fresh perspectives.




Binaries in Battle


Book Description

Defining things through binary opposition – male/female, familiar/foreign, life/death – forms the base of human thinking. Adding moral assessment to logic, we often represent binaries even as divisions into good and evil. Exclusions based on the division of Us vs. Them make their presence felt during any conflict, and become crucial in times of war. However, binary thinking is inherent also in peaceful, everyday conversation, when politics, social issues, ethnicities and religious identities are described and debated. Binaries in Battle: Representations of Division and Conflict is a wide-ranging multidisciplinary anthology that presents the fundamental rationale of binary thinking from many different angles. The evidence is drawn from cases ranging from historical to contemporary and near future, covering both wartime and peacetime conflicts. The writers apply a wide variety of methods, including linguistics, visual semiotics, ethnography, and leadership and organisational analysis. Seemingly unconnected topics, such as humanitarianism and warfare, or death and tourism, appear strangely connected, and the relevance of speed to cyber warfare is revealed to contain a paradox. Mass immigration is observed from several, mutually exclusive angles to provide a 360 degree view. Despite its multifaceted baselines, the book provides a solid understanding of the manifestations of binary thinking. By deconstructing ideological discourses it dispels black-and-white imageries, replacing them with softer shades of grey.




Longman Companion to Imperial Russia, 1689-1917


Book Description

This is the first book of its kind to draw together information on the major events in Russian history from 1695 to 1917 - covering the eventful period from the accession of Peter the Great to the fall of Nicholas II. Not only is a vast amount of material on key events and topics brought together, but the book also contains fascinating background material to convey the reality of life in the period.