Audit Regulations, Audit Market Structure, and Financial Reporting Quality


Book Description

Audit Regulations, Audit Market Structure, and Financial Reporting Quality provides a structured overview of the empirical and analytical literature on the effects of audit market regulations. After a short introduction, the monograph is organized as follows. Chapter II addresses the structure of the audit markets of industrialized countries. First presenting an overview of the concentration metrics used to describe the structure of an audit market or a market segment, then providing the empirical findings on audit market concentration at the national level and presenting an overview of the main reasons that led to the currently high degree of concentration. Chapter III summarizes the reasons why regulators worldwide consider a high degree of concentration to be a concern. In particular, it reviews the regulator's assumption that a high degree of concentration inevitably leads to a low degree of competition and to the corresponding effects of low audit quality and high audit fees. It also provides an overview of the empirical findings on the association between concentration and audit quality and fees, respectively. Chapter IV introduces the mandatory audit firm rotation, the prohibition on the joint supply of audit and non-audit services, and joint audits as examples for regulations that are likely to have both incentive and market structure effects. Chapter V summarizes the empirical findings on the effects of these regulations on audit quality and market structure. Chapter VI summarizes models that regard the market structure as given. The results from these models show that the effects of regulations are not straightforward, but depend on various factors related to the auditor, the client, and the legal environment. Chapter VII gives an overview of analytical research that simultaneously considers incentive effects and market structure effects. It also provides a brief overview of industrial organization models that seem suitable to expand the models applied to investigate the effects of audit regulations. Chapter VIII concludes and highlights avenues for future research.




Government Auditing Standards - 2018 Revision


Book Description

Audits provide essential accountability and transparency over government programs. Given the current challenges facing governments and their programs, the oversight provided through auditing is more critical than ever. Government auditing provides the objective analysis and information needed to make the decisions necessary to help create a better future. The professional standards presented in this 2018 revision of Government Auditing Standards (known as the Yellow Book) provide a framework for performing high-quality audit work with competence, integrity, objectivity, and independence to provide accountability and to help improve government operations and services. These standards, commonly referred to as generally accepted government auditing standards (GAGAS), provide the foundation for government auditors to lead by example in the areas of independence, transparency, accountability, and quality through the audit process. This revision contains major changes from, and supersedes, the 2011 revision.




The influence of clients on the social identities within the audit profession


Book Description

The overall purpose of the thesis is to explore the meaning of professionalism and independence for the individuals within the audit arena. Professionalism is defined as the occupational values that guide auditors’ professional behaviour, and how independence is understood is assumed to be influenced by the social groups the auditors identify with. The audit arena consists of several social actors, i.e. the audit profession, audit firms, and auditors, as well as external constituencies of the profession, i.e. accountors and accountees. The audit profession both serves the public interest by quality-ensuring the information provided by the accountors to the accountees as well as conducts business in a state-sanctioned monopoly-like market. Appearing independent and professional is therefore critical for the profession as independence and professionalism is the basis of society’s trust in the profession and may particularly influence the profession’s ability to recruit and retain staff. The audit profession, audit firms, offices and audit teams are social groups which influence the values, attitudes, and behaviours of the auditors through the process of socialization into the profession and the audit firm. However, accountors (i.e. clients) and accountees (i.e. stakeholders such as investors) are also social actors, who may influence the values, attitudes, and behaviour of auditors, if auditors identify with these social actors. Exploring the social identities at ‘play’ within the audit arena enables us to more fully understand the values that guide professional work. The thesis empirically investigates the social identity audit arena through potential, current, and former audit employees’ perceptions of the audit arena, where the data is both qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (surveys) in nature. The empirical material provides both pre-socialized and post-socialized perspectives on the audit arena, where the bulk of the material stems from the pre-socialized perspective. The thesis suggests that there are two types of auditors, namely small client auditors and large client auditors, where the small client auditor group dominates the audit arena. The role of the small client auditor is described differently from the large (public) client auditor’s role. The small client auditor is perceived as a teacher who helps the clients run their businesses better, and avoid problems with tax authorities et cetera, making it necessary for the auditor to have a good and close relationship with the client in order to fulfil her/his role. The large client auditor is described more as having the ‘traditional’ guardians of the market role. Hence, it seems as the small client auditor is guided by other values and has a different understanding of independence compared to the large client auditor. However, the large client auditor is also perceived as having a counselling teacher role, indicating that some professional values are shared by small client and large client auditors. These different roles auditors are perceived to have, where independence and working for the public interest seem to mean different things, can influence how new audit employees perceive the profession. If employees expect to work as ‘large client auditors’, but instead experience work being guided by small client auditor values (or vice versa), it may influence the willingness to stay in the profession. These two roles are also a potential factor influencing the expectation gap, i.e. the gap between what society thinks the auditor does and what s/he does in practice. These two roles may therefore influence society’s image of the auditor, and where the profession may have issues in appearing independent in the relationship with small clients. Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att utforska innebörden av professionalism och oberoende för individerna inom revisionsarenan. Professionalism definieras som de yrkesrelaterade värderingarna som styr hur man som professionell revisor bör agera och hur oberoende förstås antas påverkas av vilka sociala grupper revisorn identifierar sig med. Revisionsarenan består av flera sociala aktörer, nämligen revisionsprofessionen, revisionsbyråer, och revisorer, och även externa intressenter till professionen, nämligen redovisningsskyldiga och redovisningsberättigade. Revisionsprofessionen har ett viktigt samhällsuppdrag att kvalitetssäkra informationen som de redovisningsskyldiga tillhåller de redovisningsberättigade. Dock bedriver professionen samtidigt affärer på den monopolmarknad professionen har genom den lagstadgade revisionen. För professionen är det därmed av yttersta vikt att framstå som oberoende och professionell, då oberoende och professionalism är grunden för samhällets tillit till professionen. Innebörden av professionalism och oberoende inom revisionsarenan kan speciellt påverka professionens möjligheter att rekrytera och behålla personal. Revisionsprofessionen, revisionsbyråerna, arbetskontoren och revisionsteamen är sociala grupper som påverkar revisorers värderingar, attityder och beteende genom socialiseringen in i professionen och revisionsbyrån. De redovisningsskyldiga (klienter) och de redovisningsberättigade (intressenter så som investerare) är andra sociala aktörer som kan påverka revisorers värderingar, attityder och beteende, om revisorerna identifierar sig med dessa sociala grupper. Genom att utforska vilka sociala identiteter som verkar inom revisionsarenan kan vi få större kunskap kring vilka värderingar som styr det professionella arbetet. Avhandlingen undersöker potentiella, nuvarande och före detta revisionsmedarbetares uppfattningar om revisionsarenan, där empirin både är av kvalitativ (intervjuer) och kvantitativ (enkäter) natur. Det empiriska materialet ger både ett ‘försocialiserat’ och ‘eftersocialiserat’ perspektiv på revisionsarenan, där tyngden ligger på det försocialiserade perspektivet. Avhandlingen tyder på att det finns två typer av revisorer, nämligen ‘småbolagsrevisorer’ och ‘storbolagsrevisorer’, där ‘småbolagsrevisorer’ är den största gruppen. ‘Småbolagsrevisorns’ roll beskrivs annorlunda jämfört med hur ‘storbolagsrevisorns’ roll beskrivs. ‘Småbolagsrevisorn’ uppfattas som en lärare som hjälper klienterna att driva sina företag bättre, och undvika problem med Skatteverket med mera, vilket innebär att revisorn måste ha en god och nära relation med klienten för att kunna uppfylla sin roll. ‘Storbolagsrevisorn’ beskrivs mer som revisorsrollen traditionell beskrivs, d.v.s. som en ‘marknadsväktare’ och en oberoende granskare. Det verkar alltså som att ‘småbolagsrevisorn’ utgår ifrån andra professionella värderingar och har en annan förståelse av oberoende jämfört med ‘storbolagsrevisorn’. Dock uppfattas ‘storbolagsrevisorn’ även ha en rådgivande lärarroll, vilket indikerar att ‘småbolagsrevisorer’ och ‘storbolagsrevisorer’ delar vissa professionella värderingar. Dessa olika roller som revisorer upplevs ha, där oberoende och arbete för det allmännas intresse verkar betyda olika saker, kan påverka hur nya anställda upplever revision som yrke. Om anställda förväntar sig att arbeta som en ’storbolagsrevisor’ men istället får uppleva yrket som en ’småbolagsrevisor’ (eller tvärtom) så kan det påverka viljan att vara kvar i yrket. Dessa två roller är även en potentiell aspekt som påverkar förväntansgapet, dvs skillnaden mellan vad samhället tror att revisorn gör och vad hen faktiskt gör. Dessa två roller kan alltså påverka samhällets bild av revisorn, där revisionsprofessionen kan ha svårt att hävda sig vara oberoende gentemot dessa mindre klienter.




The Routledge Companion to Auditing


Book Description

Auditing has been a subject of some controversy, and there have been repeated attempts at reforming its practice globally. This comprehensive companion surveys the state of the discipline, including emerging and cutting-edge trends. It covers the most important and controversial issues, including auditing ethics, auditor independence, social and environmental accounting as well as the future of the field. This handbook is vital reading for legislators, regulators, professionals, commentators, students and researchers involved with auditing and accounting. The collection will also prove an ideal starting place for researchers from other fields looking to break into this vital subject.




Model Rules of Professional Conduct


Book Description

The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.




Audit Quality


Book Description

Arising from the author’s experience as a practicing CPA, this book is quite different from other research in this field, as it confronts the subject of audit quality from a pragmatic perspective. The first goal of Jonas Tritschler is to develop an audit quality metric on national audit firm level. Financial reporting errors, as detected by the German enforcement institutions during examinations, which subsequently are published in the German Federal Gazette by the involved companies, are the data basis for this measurement. Using the developed audit quality metric, the second goal of this study is to analyze audit quality differences of selected audit firms by comparing their deployed audit input factors such as employee’s competence (ratio of certified professionals to total audit staff), experience of employees (average tenure of employees in years) and client-specific experience (client fluctuation rate). Results indicate a correlation between audit quality according to the developed metric and the operationalized audit input factors mentioned above.







A Thousand Shades of Green


Book Description

'What does it mean for the environment?' is a strategic corollary of almost any significant business decision today, and companies must take seriously their responsibilities to regulators, customers, employees and the wider society. A Thousand Shades of Green is aimed at business leaders in need of a clear understanding of the key corporate environmental challenges and the insight and vision to meet them - imperatives such as engaging stakeholders and developing partnerships, understanding the policy-making process, forming corporate responses and drafting environmental management strategies - with the promise of genuine competitive advantage for their companies. Drawing on their extensive consultancy experience with some of the most progressive companies around the world, the authors examine why and how businesses must confront the rapidly developing agenda set by environmental constraints and social and regulatory pressure. They identify the corporate environmental challenge with that of change management and advocate a recognition that there is no single strategy or endgame applicable to all companies - there are a thousand shades of green. Only by pursuing thorough, reflective, consistent, competitive and proactive strategies will businesses be able to avoid being embroiled in costly and complex reactive approaches.







Summary of the Accounting Establishment


Book Description