Author : Giovanni Andrea Cornia
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 402 pages
File Size : 17,43 MB
Release : 2014
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0198701802
This volume documents and explains the reduction of income inequality that has taken place in the majority of Latin American countries over the last decade.
Author : Paul Glewwe
Publisher :
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 26,14 MB
Release : 1989
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN :
This paper provides a general overview of the effects of structural adjustment programs on the poor. It turns to a specific country setting, Peru, as a means of illustrating the discussion. The depth of Peru's economic problems makes it likely that the Peruvian economy will have to undergo major adjustments in the near future. Among the options policy makers will consider are : realignment of the various exchange rates, trade liberalization, removal of price distortions, and reduction of government expenditures. The analysis presented here shows how household level data can be used to assess the effect of various policy options on the welfare of the poor. Several facts suggest that correcting many of the distortions affecting Peru's agricultural sector may not directly harm the poor. For Peru's urban sector, the case is more complicated. If food subsidies and taxes were dropped, the net (immediate) effect may well be favorable as the prices of wheat and wheat products, a major staple, would decline substantially. Other government programs, including those related to health and education, could be changed in ways that would benefit the poor, and in some cases, reduce overall public sector expenditures.
Author : Rosemary Thorp
Publisher : IDB
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 43,5 MB
Release : 1998
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781886938359
A comprehensive Statistical Appendix provides regional and country-by-country data in such areas as GDP, manufacturing, sector productivity, prices, trade, income distribution and living standards."--BOOK JACKET.
Author : Georges Photios Tapinos
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 41,10 MB
Release : 1997
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780198292104
Contains a collection of papers on the impact of economic fluctuations on mortality, fertility and labour markets in Latin America during the 1980s.
Author : Joana Silva
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 327 pages
File Size : 20,8 MB
Release : 2021-10-08
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1464816913
A region known for its volatility, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has suffered severe economic and social setbacks from crises—including the COVID-19 pandemic. These crises have taken their toll on careers, wage growth, and productivity. Employment in Crisis: The Path to Better Jobs in a Post-COVID-19 Latin America provides new evidence on the effects of crises on the region’s workers and firms and suggests several policy responses that can bolster long-term and inclusive economic growth. This report has three key findings. First, crises lead to persistent employment losses and accelerate structural changes away from the formal sector. This change occurs more through reductions in the creation of formal jobs than through job destruction. Second, some workers recover from crises, while others are permanently scarred by them. Low-skilled workers can suffer up to a decade of lower earnings caused by crises, while high-skilled workers rebound fast, exacerbating the LAC region’s high level of inequality. Formal workers suffer smaller employment and wage losses in localities with higher rates of informality. And the reduced job flows caused by crises decrease welfare, but workers in localities with more job opportunities, whether formal or informal, bounce back better. Third, crises’ cleansing effects can increase efficiency and productivity, but these effects are dampened by the LAC region’s less competitive market structure. Rather than becoming more agile and productive during economic downturns, protected sectors and firms gain market share and crowd out others, trapping valuable resources. This report proposes a three-pronged mix of policies to improve the LAC region’s responses to crises: •Create a more stable macroeconomic environment to smooth the impacts of crises, including automatic stabilizers such as unemployment insurance and short-term compensation programs; •Increase the capacity of social protection and labor programs to respond to crises and coalesce these programs into systems that complement income support with reemployment assistance and reskilling opportunities; and •Tackle structural issues, including the lack of product market competition and the spatial dimension behind poor labor market adjustment—a “good jobs and good firms†? agenda.
Author : Marianne Fay
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 284 pages
File Size : 32,83 MB
Release : 2005
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821360699
About half of the region's poor live in cities, and policy makers across Latin America are increasingly interested in policy advice on how to design programmes and policies to tackle poverty. This publication argues that the causes of poverty, the nature of deprivation, and the policy levers to fight poverty are, to a large extent, site specific. It therefore focuses on strategies to assist the urban poor in making the most of the opportunities offered by cities, such as larger labour markets and better services, while helping them cope with the negative aspects, such as higher housing costs, pollution, risk of crime and less social capital.
Author : Mr. Ravi Balakrishnan
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 123 pages
File Size : 34,43 MB
Release : 2021-04-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1484326091
Over the past decades, inequality has risen not just in advanced economies but also in many emerging market and developing economies, becoming one of the key global policy challenges. And throughout the 20th century, Latin America was associated with some of the world’s highest levels of inequality. Yet something interesting happened in the first decade and a half of the 21st century. Latin America was the only region in the World to have experienced significant declines in inequality in that period. Poverty also fell in Latin America, although this was replicated in other regions, and Latin America started from a relatively low base. Starting around 2014, however, and even before the COVID-19 pandemic hit, poverty and inequality gains had already slowed in Latin America and, in some cases, gone into reverse. And the COVID-19 shock, which is still playing out, is likely to dramatically worsen short-term poverty and inequality dynamics. Against this background, this departmental paper investigates the link between commodity prices, and poverty and inequality developments in Latin America.
Author : Sebastian Edwards
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 380 pages
File Size : 41,11 MB
Release : 1995
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780195211054
This work provides a thorough analytical review of the processes that led to the transformation of many Latin American economies during the last decade. The author examines every aspect of adjustment and reform since 1980 and suggests alternative ways to consolidate the achievements.
Author : Frances Stewart
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 266 pages
File Size : 22,95 MB
Release : 2005-08-04
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1134803710
The last decade has bought sharp adjustments and rising poverty to much of the developing world. The experiences of Africa and Latin America are contrasted with areas which were able to combine adjustment with protecting the poor.
Author : Renos Vakis
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 33,51 MB
Release : 2016-07-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1464806616
One out of every five Latin Americans or around 130 million people have never known anything but poverty, subsisting on less than US$4-a-day throughout their lives. These are the region ́s chronically poor, who have remained so despite unprecedented inroads against poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean since the turn of the century. Left Behind: Chronic Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean takes a closer look at the region’s entrenched poor, who and where they are, and how existing policies need to change in order to effectively assist them. The book shows significant variations of rates of chronic poverty both across and within countries. Within a single country, some regions show incidence rates up to eight times higher than the lowest. Despite the higher rates of chronic poverty in rural areas, chronic poverty is as much an urban as a rural issue. In fact, considering absolute numbers, urban areas in many countries, including Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia and the Dominican Republic, have more chronic poor than rural areas. Undoubtedly the region has come a long way during the decade in terms of poverty reduction, guided by a mix of sustained growth and increased levels in amounts and quality of public spending and programs targeted directly or indirectly to the chronic poor. While improving endowments and the context where the chronic poor live is a necessary condition going forward, the decade’s experience suggests that it may not be enough to reach the chronic poor. The book posits that refinements to the existing policy toolkit †“ as opposed to more programs †“ may come a long way in helping the remaining poor. These refinements include intensifying efforts to improve coordination between different social and economic programs, which can boost the income generation process and deal with the intergenerational transmission of chronic poverty by investing in early childhood development. Equally important though, there is an urgent need to adapt programs to directly address the psychological toll of chronic poverty on people’s mindset and aspirations, which currently undermines the effectiveness of the existing policy efforts.
