Health Aspects of Plumbing


Book Description

This publication describes the processes involved in the design installation and maintenance of modern plumbing systems. It recommends a number of plumbing system design and installation specifications that have demonstrated their validity from years of experience. It also examines the microbiological chemical physical and financial risks associated with plumbing and outlines the major risk management strategies that are used in the plumbing industry and emphasizes the importance of measures to conserve supplies of clean water. This work is dedicated to assisting developing countries in achieving the best possible plumbing levels to ensure the highest health benefits from use of sound plumbing practices. It is aimed at administrators and plumbers working in areas that are served by a mains drinking- water supply or sewerage system or are about to install a mains drinking- water supply or sewerage system. It should be of particular value to those working in countries or areas that are in the early stages of introducing modern plumbing systems. While it draws attention to the problems of drinking- water supply and waste removal in developing countries and outlines some of the strategies currently used it does not systematically cover issues specific to developing countries.




Management of Legionella in Water Systems


Book Description

Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.




EPA Publications Bibliography


Book Description




Drinking Water Distribution Systems


Book Description

Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.




Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality


Book Description

This volume describes the methods used in the surveillance of drinking water quality in the light of the special problems of small-community supplies, particularly in developing countries, and outlines the strategies necessary to ensure that surveillance is effective.










EMERGING INFECTIOUS ZOONOTIC DISEASES (Causes and Therapeutic Approaches)


Book Description

Preface: There are lots of brilliant edited books, text books, hand books and reference books available on Elementary Parasitology, Applied Parasitology, Medical Parasitology, Helminthology as well as there are many dedicated monographs on particular topics. However, the conceptualized edited book dedicated to under graduate medical students post graduate bioscience students and research scholars for the applicability during their dissertation or pre-doctoral programs related to integrated approaches of all the aforesaid areas lacking so far. Therefore, the scarcity of books focused on the integrated aspects of Parasitic, helminthes and zoonotic diseases of different origins in global perspectives impelled me to produce this work in the form a book. This book is written with the objectives to deliver the fundamental knowledge of the parasitic and helminthes diseases with zoonotic signifcance. As the book entitled “Emerging Infectious Zoonotic Diseases: Causes and Therapeutic Approaches”, therefore authors covered all the dimension related to zoonoses and zoonotic diseases in the present book and compiled the information, scientific findings, reported clinical observations in terms of sources of infection, types based on the parasites, pathogens and vectors, disease symptoms, causes, epidemiology, precautionary and control measures along with the recent advances in therapeutic approaches meticulously. Thus the book compiled here, itself holding a diverse but integrated scientific data and knowledge of hazardous microbes, parasitic fauna of various natural environments, hosts and vectors and also providing practical understanding of these hazards as utmost necessity to protecting the health of humans, society, country and ecosystems for the holistic and sustainable development. The book has been prepared in accordance with the new concept of research dealing an introduction to complete aspects of the major causes and cure of zoonotic diseases. This book represents an update and expansion on a previous pedagogic pattern and the adaptation of new E-based teaching learning system in reference to merits and demerits in current situation for the development of academic knowledge and skill in class going youths. The book will be path cracker for those Graduate, Postgraduate and Researchers who need to know zoonoses and dealing to Parasitology research at an elementary standard. The editor/author is extremely appreciative to scholarly readers and appeal to send their precious suggestions for additional perfection of the book into possible future edition.




Healthcare Hazard Control and Safety Management


Book Description

Surpassing the standard set by the first edition, Healthcare Hazard Control and Safety Management, Second Edition presents expansive coverage for healthcare professionals serving in safety, occupational health, hazard materials management, quality improvement, and risk management positions. Comprehensive in scope, the book covers all major issues i




WHO Housing and Health Guidelines


Book Description

Improved housing conditions can save lives, prevent disease, increase quality of life, reduce poverty, and help mitigate climate change. Housing is becoming increasingly important to health in light of urban growth, ageing populations and climate change. The WHO Housing and health guidelines bring together the most recent evidence to provide practical recommendations to reduce the health burden due to unsafe and substandard housing. Based on newly commissioned systematic reviews, the guidelines provide recommendations relevant to inadequate living space (crowding), low and high indoor temperatures, injury hazards in the home, and accessibility of housing for people with functional impairments. In addition, the guidelines identify and summarize existing WHO guidelines and recommendations related to housing, with respect to water quality, air quality, neighbourhood noise, asbestos, lead, tobacco smoke and radon. The guidelines take a comprehensive, intersectoral perspective on the issue of housing and health and highlight co-benefits of interventions addressing several risk factors at the same time. The WHO Housing and health guidelines aim at informing housing policies and regulations at the national, regional and local level and are further relevant in the daily activities of implementing actors who are directly involved in the construction, maintenance and demolition of housing in ways that influence human health and safety. The guidelines therefore emphasize the importance of collaboration between the health and other sectors and joint efforts across all government levels to promote healthy housing. The guidelines' implementation at country-level will in particular contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals on health (SDG 3) and sustainable cities (SDG 11). WHO will support Member States in adapting the guidelines to national contexts and priorities to ensure safe and healthy housing for all.