Threat to the Monarch Butterfly


Book Description

Monarch butterflies fly from Canada and the United States to the mountains of Central Mexico every year. They can fly as far as 100 miles in a day. But their traveling patterns have put them at risk. People everywhere are helping to save the monarch butterfly. Would you like to help?




Threat to the Monarch Butterfly


Book Description

Describes monarch butterflies, including their environment, eating habits, and life cycle, and describes how humans are slowly making life hard for them.




Monarchs in a Changing World


Book Description

Monarch butterflies are among the most popular insect species in the world and are an icon for conservation groups and environmental education programs. Monarch caterpillars and adults are easily recognizable as welcome visitors to gardens in North America and beyond, and their spectacular migration in eastern North America (from breeding locations in Canada and the United States to overwintering sites in Mexico) has captured the imagination of the public. Monarch migration, behavior, and chemical ecology have been studied for decades. Yet many aspects of monarch biology have come to light in only the past few years. These aspects include questions regarding large-scale trends in monarch population sizes, monarch interactions with pathogens and insect predators, and monarch molecular genetics and large-scale evolution. A growing number of current research findings build on the observations of citizen scientists, who monitor monarch migration, reproduction, survival, and disease. Monarchs face new threats from humans as they navigate a changing landscape marked by deforestation, pesticides, genetically modified crops, and a changing climate, all of which place the future of monarchs and their amazing migration in peril. To meet the demand for a timely synthesis of monarch biology, conservation and outreach, Monarchs in a Changing World summarizes recent developments in scientific research, highlights challenges and responses to threats to monarch conservation, and showcases the many ways that monarchs are used in citizen science programs, outreach, and education. It examines issues pertaining to the eastern and western North American migratory populations, as well as to monarchs in South America, the Pacific and Caribbean Islands, and Europe. The target audience includes entomologists, population biologists, conservation policymakers, and K–12 teachers.




The Monarch Butterfly


Book Description

Synthesizes current scientific knowledge on the life cycle, behavior, spectacular migration, and conservation of this charismatic insect.




Monarchs and Milkweed


Book Description

The fascinating and complex evolutionary relationship of the monarch butterfly and the milkweed plant Monarch butterflies are one of nature's most recognizable creatures, known for their bright colors and epic annual migration from the United States and Canada to Mexico. Yet there is much more to the monarch than its distinctive presence and mythic journeying. In Monarchs and Milkweed, Anurag Agrawal presents a vivid investigation into how the monarch butterfly has evolved closely alongside the milkweed—a toxic plant named for the sticky white substance emitted when its leaves are damaged—and how this inextricable and intimate relationship has been like an arms race over the millennia, a battle of exploitation and defense between two fascinating species. The monarch life cycle begins each spring when it deposits eggs on milkweed leaves. But this dependency of monarchs on milkweeds as food is not reciprocated, and milkweeds do all they can to poison or thwart the young monarchs. Agrawal delves into major scientific discoveries, including his own pioneering research, and traces how plant poisons have not only shaped monarch-milkweed interactions but have also been culturally important for centuries. Agrawal presents current ideas regarding the recent decline in monarch populations, including habitat destruction, increased winter storms, and lack of milkweed—the last one a theory that the author rejects. He evaluates the current sustainability of monarchs and reveals a novel explanation for their plummeting numbers. Lavishly illustrated with more than eighty color photos and images, Monarchs and Milkweed takes readers on an unforgettable exploration of one of nature's most important and sophisticated evolutionary relationships.




The Humane Gardener


Book Description

In this eloquent plea for compassion and respect for all species, journalist and gardener Nancy Lawson describes why and how to welcome wildlife to our backyards. Through engaging anecdotes and inspired advice, profiles of home gardeners throughout the country, and interviews with scientists and horticulturalists, Lawson applies the broader lessons of ecology to our own outdoor spaces. Detailed chapters address planting for wildlife by choosing native species; providing habitats that shelter baby animals, as well as birds, bees, and butterflies; creating safe zones in the garden; cohabiting with creatures often regarded as pests; letting nature be your garden designer; and encouraging natural processes and evolution in the garden. The Humane Gardener fills a unique niche in describing simple principles for both attracting wildlife and peacefully resolving conflicts with all the creatures that share our world.




Monarch Butterflies


Book Description

When the seasons change, many animals migrate to new homes. Readers will learn about these fascinating creatures in Nature's Great Journeys. This series explores the physical features, behaviors, and histories of migratory animals with easy-to-read text and vivid images.




Monarch Butterfly Migration


Book Description

"For monarch butterflies, the crisp air of fall signals a time for change. Along with the changing colors of the trees, the skies are filled with these bright orange insects as they make their way to warmer weather. Monarchs' delicate wings help them glide with the southern wind during their migration to Mexico. This book contains vibrant photos and marked maps allow readers to become immersed in the lives of monarch butterflies. "




Potential Threats to the Conservation of Eastern North American Monarch Butterflies (Danaus Plexippus) and a Tool for Population Recovery


Book Description

The eastern North American monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) has undergone large-scale declines over the last two decades and no clear single cause to explain the decline has yet been identified. In Chapter 2, I assess the contribution of potential threats on eastern population of monarch butterflies. I found that declines in suitable environmental conditions and overwintering and breeding habitat loss are likely the leading threats to the eastern population of monarch butterflies, but that risks imposed by contaminants, predation, and parasitism may also contribute. Agrochemical exposure, specifically from neonicotinoids, is a leading concern due to the potential lethal and sublethal effects on development and behaviour on non-target species, such as monarchs. I also conducted two experimental studies on monarchs reared on milkweed grown in soil treated with field-realistic levels of clothianidin at a low (15 ng/g of clothianidin) or high (25 ng/g of clothianidin) dose levels, or in a control (0 ng/g of clothianidin). In Chapter 3, I provide experimental evidence that late instar caterpillars reared on clothianidin-treated milkweed were smaller and weighed less than controls. Nonetheless, clothianidin treatment was also associated with larger adult monarch butterflies, but did not influence the egg size or the number of eggs laid. In Chapter 4, I show that clothianidin did not influence orientation, vector strength, or the rate of travel of adult migratory monarch butterflies. Lastly, in Chapter 5, I investigate whether captive rearing, often used as a conservation and educational tool for this species, influences migratory behaviour. While captive-reared migratory monarchs tested in the flight simulator did not show a normal directional flight response, individuals released in the wild and radio-tracked showed proper orientation and flew in a southward direction towards their Mexican overwintering grounds. Collectively, my thesis contributes to a broader understanding of the potential causes underlying declines in monarch butterflies, most notably from neonicotinoids, and offers important insight into viability of captive rearing as an important conservation and educational tool.




How to Raise Monarch Butterflies


Book Description

Revel in one of the most remarkable miracles of nature.