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Towards Combined X-ray and Optical Mammography

Author : B. D. Price

Publisher :

Page : pages

File Size : 11,33 MB

Release : 2011

Category :

ISBN :

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Book Description

Optical contrast, dependent upon haemodynamics and thus providing physiological information, is complementary to radiographic contrast. Combined x-ray and optical mammography screening could provide increased specificity over either system alone. Medical imaging equipment is routinely characterised and tested using tissue equivalent phantoms. A novel phantom material is presented: a solution of polyvinyl alcohol in ethanol and water freeze-thawed to produce a solid yet elastically compressible gel. The x-ray attenuation, mechanical and optical properties of these gels can be accurately adjusted over appropriate ranges so as to mimic cancerous or healthy breast tissues. Modulated imaging in both optical and x-ray acquisitions is also considered. An x-ray system capable of optimising dose distribution has previously been developed at UCL. Overall images are obtained by aligning multiple images from smaller sensors. The effects that this type of acquisition has on spatial resolution are discussed. Two considerations are made: (i) is there a minimum size sensor whose modulation transfer function (MTF) can accurately be determined? (ii) does the MTF of an overall image differ significantly from those of its constituent images? The smaller a sensor becomes, the harder it is to determine its MTF accurately, and the resolution of overall images is slightly poorer than those of individual sensor images. Nonetheless these effects are small and should not hinder the development of such systems. Whilst similar dose considerations do not apply to optical tomography, modulated imaging still presents potential benefits. A method of visualising intensity data in order to localise regions of heterogenous absorption is presented using both simulated and experimental data. Objective functions designed to quantify the visibility of these heterogeneities are proposed and it is shown that optimal distributions of source power, that maximise these, can be found. It is proposed that such techniques might allow optical acquisitions to be performed more rapidly.





A Diffuse Optical Tomography System Combined with X-ray Mammography for Improved Breast Cancer Detection

Author : Thomas John Brukilacchio

Publisher :

Page : 440 pages

File Size : 40,24 MB

Release : 2003

Category : Breast

ISBN :

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Book Description

The central thesis of this dissertation states that optical imaging of diffuse tissues must be combined in co-registration with a recognized gold standard of mammographic screening, i.e. X-ray mammography, to gain wide acceptance in the clinical environment. This multi-modality imaging approach promises to overcome the deficiencies of both imaging modalities by drawing on the strengths of each. Functional and structural image contrast would be provided by optical and high-resolution structural contrast by X-ray. Furthermore, the structural information provided by X-ray could be used to improve the optical image reconstruction by providing boundary information and soft constraints for weakly correlated structural contrast. Ultimately, image-processing techniques could be developed to provide the radiologist with a three-dimensional image indicative of both optical and X-ray contrast that would provide much greater information content than either modality alone.



Dual Modality Imaging System for Breast Cancer Research

Author :

Publisher :

Page : 44 pages

File Size : 17,66 MB

Release : 2004

Category :

ISBN :

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Book Description

In the 25-40% of the general female population with radiodense breast parenchyma, clinically occult lesions may be invisible in the screen-film mammogram. Even if suspicious masses are detected, determination of the benign or malignant nature of a mass is often impossible from the x-ray image. There is thus a need for diagnostic procedures that can noninvasively help characterize suspicious breast lesions. Scintimammography is an imaging technique that shows promise as an adjunct diagnostic tool in problem solving mammography, for monitoring recurrence after surgery, and in the assessment of multidrug-resistance. However, because clinical Anger cameras have only moderate spatial resolution and are difficult to position close to the breast, small lesions are difficult to detect. In addition, no direct means exists of correlating mammographic and scintigraphic information because of the significantly different shape of the breast in mammography (compressed) and scintimammography (prone, pendulant). We are developing an imaging system that overcomes these problems by combining digital x-ray mammography and gamma emission scintigraphy in a single, integrated system. The system is mounted on a standard upright mammography unit, and can easily be placed in a typical mammography room, providing accessibility even for small breast imaging clinics not associated with major medical centers.



Mammography and Beyond

Author : National Research Council

Publisher : National Academies Press

Page : 34 pages

File Size : 31,23 MB

Release : 2001-06-04

Category : Medical

ISBN : 0309075505

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Book Description

X-ray mammography screening is the current mainstay for early breast cancer detection. It has been proven to detect breast cancer at an earlier stage and to reduce the number of women dying from the disease. However, it has a number of limitations. These current limitations in early breast cancer detection technology are driving a surge of new technological developments, from modifications of x-ray mammography such as computer programs that can indicate suspicious areas, to newer methods of detection such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or biochemical tests on breast fluids. To explore the merits and drawbacks of these new breast cancer detection techniques, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences convened a committee of experts. During its year of operation, the committee examined the peer-reviewed literature, consulted with other experts in the field, and held two public workshops. In addition to identifying promising new technologies for early detection, the committee explored potential barriers that might prevent the development of new detection methods and their common usage. Such barriers could include lack of funding from agencies that support research and lack of investment in the commercial sector; complicated, inconsistent, or unpredictable federal regulations; inadequate insurance reimbursement; and limited access to or unacceptability of breast cancer detection technology for women and their doctors. Based on the findings of their study, the committee prepared a report entitled Mammography and Beyond: Developing Technology for Early Detection of Breast Cancer, which was published in the spring of 2001. This is a non-technical summary of that report.



Grating-Based X-Ray Phase-Contrast Mammography

Author : Kai Hermann Scherer

Publisher : Springer

Page : 152 pages

File Size : 31,6 MB

Release : 2016-06-06

Category : Science

ISBN : 3319395378

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Book Description

This thesis offers an accessible guide to biomedical phase-contrast imaging with over 20 radiographic illustrations. It focuses on research to improve radiography, and particularly mammography applications, by using a novel X-ray imaging modality that exploits the wave-nature of X-rays, rather than just their absorption in tissue. Further, it explores a broad range of potential applications – from the assessment of breast cancer and the evaluation of microcalcification clusters, to the examination of renal stones. X-ray imaging is an indispensable tool in modern medical diagnostics, and ranges from simple radiography applications to advanced CT imaging protocols. This novel phase-contrast approach has the potential to deliver significantly improved diagnostic information, also and especially in cases where mammography is used for screening purposes. The thesis is based on several studies conducted by the author – working in close interdisciplinary cooperation with medical doctors at two university clinics in Munich – and successfully demonstrates this diagnostic potential in pre-clinical experiments.



Physics of Mammographic Imaging

Author : Mia K. Markey

Publisher : CRC Press

Page : 321 pages

File Size : 38,79 MB

Release : 2012-11-09

Category : Science

ISBN : 1439875448

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Book Description

Due to the increasing number of digital mammograms and the advent of new kinds of three-dimensional x-ray and other forms of medical imaging, mammography is undergoing a dramatic change. To meet their responsibilities, medical physicists must constantly renew their knowledge of advances in medical imaging or radiation therapy, and must be prepared to function at the intersection of these two fields. Physics of Mammographic Imaging gives an overview on the current role and future potential of new alternatives to mammography in the context of clinical need, complementary approaches, and ongoing research. This book provides comprehensive coverage on the fundamentals of image formation, image interpretation, analysis, and modeling. It discusses the use of mammographic imaging in the detection, diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of breast cancer. Expert authors give a balanced summary of core topics such as digital mammography, contrast-enhanced mammography, stereomammography, breast tomosynthesis, and breast CT. The book highlights the use of mammographic imaging with complementary breast imaging modalities such as ultrasound, MRI, and nuclear medicine techniques. It discusses critical issues such as computer-aided diagnosis, perception, and quality assurance. This is an exciting time in the development of medical imaging, with many new technologies poised to make a substantial impact on breast cancer care. This book will help researchers and students get up to speed on crucial developments and contribute to future advances in the field.



Contrast-Enhanced Mammography

Author : Marc Lobbes

Publisher : Springer

Page : 160 pages

File Size : 41,33 MB

Release : 2019-04-29

Category : Medical

ISBN : 303011063X

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Book Description

This book is a comprehensive guide to contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM), a novel advanced mammography technique using dual-energy mammography in combination with intravenous contrast administration in order to increase the diagnostic performance of digital mammography. Readers will find helpful information on the principles of CEM and indications for the technique. Detailed attention is devoted to image interpretation, with presentation of case examples and highlighting of pitfalls and artifacts. Other topics to be addressed include the establishment of a CEM program, the comparative merits of CEM and MRI, and the roles of CEM in screening populations and monitoring of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CEM became commercially available in 2011 and is increasingly being used in clinical practice owing to its superiority over full-field digital mammography. This book will be an ideal source of knowledge and guidance for all who wish to start using the technique or to learn more about it.



Dual Modality Imaging System for Breast Cancer Research

Author :

Publisher :

Page : 14 pages

File Size : 18,35 MB

Release : 2000

Category :

ISBN :

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Book Description

In the 25.40% of the general female population with radiodense breast parenchyma, clinically occult lesions may be invisible in the screen-film mammogram. Even if suspicious masses are detected, determination of the benign or malignant nature of a mass is often impossible from the x-ray image. There is thus a need for diagnostic procedures that can noninvasively help characterize suspicious breast lesions. Scintimammography is an imaging technique that shows promise as an adjunct diagnostic tool in problem solving mammography, for monitoring recurrence after surgery, and in the assessment of multidrug-resistance. However, because clinical Anger cameras have only moderate spatial resolution and are difficult to position close to the breast, small lesions are difficult to detect. In addition, no direct means exists of correlating mammographic and scintigraphic information because of the significantly different shape of the breast in mammography (compressed) and scintimammography (prone, pendulant). We are developing an imaging system that overcomes these problems by combining digital x-ray mammography and gamma emission scintigraphy in a single, integrated system. The system is mounted on a standard upright mammography unit, and can easily be placed in a typical mammography room, providing accessibility even for small breast imaging clinics not associated with major medical centers.



Translational Multimodality Optical Imaging

Author : Fred S. Azar

Publisher : Artech House

Page : 431 pages

File Size : 17,96 MB

Release : 2008

Category : Medical

ISBN : 1596933089

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Book Description

Supported with 119 illustrations, this milestone work discusses key optical imaging techniques in self-contained chapters; describes the integration of optical imaging techniques with other modalities like MRI, X-ray imaging, and PET imaging; provides a software platform for multimodal integration; presents cutting-edge computational and data processing techniques that ensure rapid, cost-effective, and precise quantification and characterization of the clinical data; covers advances in photodynamic therapy and molecular imaging, and reviews key clinical studies in optical imaging along with regulatory and business issues.