The Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS)


Book Description

The Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System: Functional Aspects and Therapeutic Implications is the first comprehensive publication to signal the protective role of a distinct part of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), providing readers with early insight into a complex system which will become of major medical importance in the near future. Focusing on recent research, The Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System presents a host of new experimental studies on specific components of the RAS, namely angiotensin AT2 receptors (AT2R), the angiotensin (1–7) peptide with its receptor Mas, and the enzyme ACE 2, which exert significant beneficial, health-promoting actions by counterbalancing the well-known harmful arm of the RAS with its classical angiotensin AT1 receptor. This innovative concept of the protective arm of the RAS, examined in this reference, represents an indispensable background and will be a strong support for biomedical students, researchers, cardiologists, surgeons, nephrologists, diabetologists, and endocrinologists, as well as any other physician or researcher concerned with RAS physiology, pathophysiology and clinical implications. - Provides a complete understanding of the protective side of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) involving angiotensin AT2 receptor, ACE2, and Ang(1-7)/Mas receptor - Combines the knowledge of editors who pioneered research on the protective renin angiotensin system including; Dr. Thomas Unger, one of the founders of AT2 receptor research; Dr. Ulrike M. Steckelings, who contributed significantly to first preclinical studies with a novel specific AT2-agonist, and Dr. Robson Santos who pioneered research on angiotensin-(1-7) and its receptor Mas. - Shows that the protective RAS axes are able to ameliorate the course of several cardiovascular, renal, metabolic and neurological diseases - Provides the basis for the understanding of a novel therapeutic approach to stimulate components of the protective arm of the RAS.




Hepatotoxicity


Book Description

Written by the foremost authority in the field, this volume is a comprehensive review of the multifaceted phenomenon of hepatotoxicity. Dr. Zimmerman examines the interface between chemicals and the liver; the latest research in experimental hepatotoxicology; the hepatotoxic risks of household, industrial, and environmental chemicals; and the adverse effects of drugs on the liver. This thoroughly revised, updated Second Edition features a greatly expanded section on the wide variety of drugs that can cause liver injury. For quick reference, an appendix lists these medications and their associated hepatic injuries. Also included are in-depth discussions of drug metabolism and factors affecting susceptibility to liver injury.




Angiotensin II Receptors


Book Description

This unique reference set provides a broad-based, in-depth presentation on angiotensin II receptors, from the genes that encode them to the responses they mediate in humans. The books emphasize known and potential therapeutic applications of the antagonists of angiotensin II receptors and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The molecular biology of angiotensin II receptors is reviewed, as are the biochemical effects mediated by angiotensin II receptors. This is the first publication to analyze in detail the structure-activity relationships for both peptide and nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor agonists and antagonists. It also presents the pharmacological effects mediated by angiotensin II receptors both in the periphery and in the brain.




Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade Physiological and Clinical Implications


Book Description

The relationship between angiotensin II and hypertension was established in 1898 when angiotensin II was shown to modulate systemic blood pressure. Over the intervening decades, a complete characterization of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been achieved, and our understanding of its biochemistry and physiology has led to the directed development of agents such ·as ACE inhibitors and receptor antagonists capable of controlling hypertension. More recently, it was shown that angiotensin II is secreted within certain tissues and that these tissue-specific systems operate independently of the systemic RAS. The novel concept that angiotensin II regulates a number of cardiovascular processes that are unrelated to blood pressure has renewed the interest of both basic and clinical scientists in angiotensin II. The association between angiotensin II and cardiac growth, in particular, has indicated that therapies currently in use for hypertension may have direct application to the treatment of heart failure. The Manitoba Cardiovascular Forum on Angiotensin Receptor Blockade in Winnipeg was convened October 18-20, 1996 to examine the clinical and basic aspects of angiotensin receptor biology as they apply to hypertension and heart failure. In addition, the potential treatment of these conditions using specific angio tensin receptor antagonists was addressed within the context of their immediate therapeutic application and future potential.




Essentials of Cardiac Anesthesia for Noncardiac Surgery E-Book


Book Description

Patients with cardiac conditions routinely present for noncardiac surgeries, requiring special protocols for perioperative assessment and management by the anesthesiologist. Essentials of Cardiac Anesthesia for Noncardiac Surgery: A Companion to Kaplan's Cardiac Anesthesia provides current, easily accessible information in this complex area, ideal for general anesthesiologists and non-cardiac subspecialists. From preoperative assessment through postoperative care, this practical reference covers all perioperative approaches to today's patients with cardiac conditions. - Provides guidance on the anesthetic diagnosis and management of the full range of cardiac lesions, helping minimize adverse outcomes and reduce complications for patients with common, complex, or uncommon cardiac conditions. - Includes complete coverage of echocardiography and current monitoring techniques needed for thorough perioperative assessment – all from the anesthesiologist's perspective. - Discusses safe and effective perioperative anesthetic management of patients presenting with advanced levels of cardiac care such as drug-eluting stents, multiple antiplatelet drugs, ventricular assist devices, multiple drugs for end-stage heart failure, and implanted electrical devices that produce cardiac resynchronization therapy, as well as patients with complicated obstetric problems or other significant cardiovascular issues. - Features a concise, easy-to-navigate format and Key Points boxes in each chapter that help you find answers quickly.




Integration of Pharmaceutical Discovery and Development


Book Description

In the late 1980s, it became painfully evident to the pharmaceutical industry that the old paradigm of drug discovery, which involved highly segmented drug - sign and development activities, would not produce an acceptable success rate in the future. Therefore, in the early 1990s a paradigm shift occurred in which drug design and development activities became more highly integrated. This new str- egy required medicinal chemists to design drug candidates with structural f- tures that optimized pharmacological (e. g. , high affinity and specificity for the target receptor), pharmaceutical (e. g. , solubility and chemical stability), bioph- maceutical (e. g. , cell membrane permeability), and metabolic/pharmacokinetic (e. g. , metabolic stability, clearance, and protein binding) properties. Successful implementation of this strategy requires a multidisciplinary team effort, incl- ing scientists from drug design (e. g. , medicinal chemists, cell biologists, en- mologists, pharmacologists) and drug development (e. g. , analytical chemists, pharmaceutical scientists, physiologists, and molecular biologists representing the disciplines of pharmaceutics, biopharmaceutics, and pharmacokinetics/drug metabolism). With this new, highly integrated approach to drug design now widely utilized by the pharmaceutical industry, the editors of this book have provided the sci- tific community with case histories to illustrate the nature of the interdisciplinary interactions necessary to successfully implement this new approach to drug d- covery. In the first chapter, Ralph Hirschmann provides a historical perspective of why this paradigm shift in drug discovery has occurred.




Drugs, Enzymes and Receptors of the Renin-Angiotensin System


Book Description

Since 1898, when Tigerstadt and Bergman first extracted renin from rabbit kidney, the reninrugs, Enzymes and Receptors of the Renin is designed to highlight molecular and clinical approaches to understanding the renin Chapter topics have been specifically chosen to cover selected contemporary, controversial and unresolved issues. A novel and uni




Encyclopedia of Heart Diseases


Book Description

The Encyclopedia of Heart Diseases is an accurate and reliable source of in-depth information on the diseases that kill more than 12 million individuals worldwide each year. In fact, cardiovascular diseases are more prevalent than the combined incidence of all forms of cancer, diabetes, asthma and leukemia. In one volume, this Encylopedia thoroughly covers these ailments and also includes in-depth analysis of less common and rare heart conditions to round out the volume's scope. Researchers, clinicians, and students alike will all find this resource an invaluable tool for quick reference before approaching the primary literature.* Coverage of more than 200 topics, including: applied pharmacology of current and experimental cardiac drugs, gene therapy, MRI, electron-beam CT, PET scan put in perspective, cardiac tests costs and justification, and new frontiers in cardiovascular research* More than 150 helpful figures and illustrations!* Dr. Khan is a well-published and respected expert in heart and heart diseases




Recent Advances in Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Angiotensin Receptors


Book Description

Scientific advances over the past two decades have afforded unprecedented oppor tunities to understand the structure and function of receptors, receptor-ligand interactions, and receptor signaling. The extent ofprogress in this area is underscored by the recent Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology to Alfred Gilman and Martin Rodbell, both of whose work in understanding receptorlG-protein interactions has redefined the way in which we think of how hormones and neurochemicals exert their activity on cellular function. This book is replete with examples of current research approaches to help us better understand the cellular roles in which the renin-angiotensin system and the angiotensin receptors participate. Clearly, defining the structure of angiotensin receptor subtypes is an important first step in cJarifying the mechanisms by which these receptors take part in cellular function. However, the chapters within this book range far beyond structural studies and encompass research on tissue specific expression of the angiotensin receptor subtypes, the genetic regulation ofthese receptors, and the unique function ofvarious angiotensin subtypes in different organ systems, such as the brain, the reproductive system, adipose tissue, the heart, and the kidneys.




Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists


Book Description

The recent development of several new, non-peptide, orally active angiotensin II receptor antagonists is revolutionizing the treatment of patients with hypertension and various cardiovascular disorders. In this book experts review the current state of angiotensin II antagonists and survey the progress of these diverse applications. Issues relating to angiotensin II and their receptors are examined in relation to their effects on the kidney, non-diabetic renal disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and various other disorders. The combination of AT1 receptor antagonists with other antihypertensive agents is reviewed in depth. The clinical attributes of these drugs are complemented by in-depth reviews of the physiology and pharmacology of angiotensin II peptides. The authors present the most recent findings in ligand recognition, activation, signal coupling, desensitization and functional alterations of vessels, especially small arteries, in patients with hypertension. This book constitutes the only available compendium on the clinical and experimental features of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. The unique features of the rapidly emerging class of drugs are surveyed throughout. Contributions have been made from international experts who have personally contributed to the discovery and development of these novel drugs. Recent cutting-edge physiology and pharmacology studies by renowned international experts provide a platform for considering the clinical applications of these agents.