Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Geology


Book Description

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Geology focuses on the applications of atomic absorption spectrometry in geology, including the analysis of metals, rocks, sediments, and minerals. The manuscript first offers information on the theory of atomic absorption spectrophotometry and instrumentation. Discussions focus on the relationship of atomic absorption with atomic concentration; variations in shapes and widths of atomic spectral lines; variations in atomic spectral lines; sample vaporization; and light sources. The book then examines interferences, including spectral, ionization, chemical, and molecular interferences. The publication takes a look at hydrogeochemistry and ore analysis. Topics include freshwater and seawater, zinc and cadmium, mercury, silver, gold, copper, lead, and nickel. The text also ponders on rock and mineral analysis, sediments, isotopes and noble gases, as well as silicate and sulfide minerals, organic fraction of sediments, and lithium, uranium, boron, and mercury isotopes. The manuscript is a dependable reference for readers interested in atomic absorption spectrometry.




Modern Methods of Geochemical Analysis


Book Description

The founders of geology at the beginning of the last century were suspicious oflaboratories. Hutton's well-known dictum illustrates the point: "There are also superficial reasoning men . . . they judge of the great oper ations of the mineral kingdom from having kindled a fire, and looked into the bottom of a little crucible. " The idea was not unreasonable; the earth is so large and its changes are so slow and so complicated that labo ratory tests and experiments were of little help. The earth had to be studied in its own terms and geology grew up as a separate science and not as a branch of physics or chemistry. Its practitioners were, for the most part, experts in structure, stratigraphy, or paleontology, not in silicate chemistry or mechanics. The chemists broke into this closed circle before the physicists did. The problems of the classification of rocks, particularly igneous rocks, and of the nature and genesis of ores are obviously chemical and, by the mid- 19th century, chemistry was in a state where rocks could be effectively analyzed, and a classification built up depending partly on chemistry and partly on the optical study of thin specimens. Gradually the chemical study of rocks became one of the central themes of earth science.




Geochemical Methods of Prospecting for Non-Metallic Minerals


Book Description

Geochemical methods of prospecting for and evaluation of minerals are applied widely today at all stages of geological exploration. However, geochemical methods of prospecting for many classes of non-metallic minerals have not been elaborated. This book is a completely revised, updated and expanded edition of the publication by the same authors, which was published in 1987. The contains a collection the latest data on geochemical prospecting for non-metals, which is valuable in view of the anticipated increase of consumption and utilization of non-metallic minerals in the future. The information on various types of raw material is presented in the following sequence: 1) general data (genetic types, conditions of formation, geological prospecting indications); 2) indicator minerals and elements; 3) geochemical methods of prospecting along dispersion trains and haloes, plus hydrogeochemical and geobotanical methods; 4) primary endogenic haloes; 5) vertical geochemical zonality; 6) methods, stages and sequence of work.







Applications of Zeeman Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in the Chemical Laboratory and in Toxicology


Book Description

The book aims at presenting an exhaustive survey of the applications of Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETA-AAS) with Zeeman background correction in a variety of fields. The unique role played by the technique in solving important analytical problems encountered today is highlighted throughout the 29 chapters which make up this multiauthored work. The overall picture that emerges from this collection of contributions testifies to the maturity reached by this instrumental methodology and lays emphasis on its capabilities, still unrivalled for many elements in terms ofoutstanding detection power afforded and minimal amounts of sample required. After an introductory chapter reviewing the major milestones of ETA-AAS over the decades, with special regard to the history and theory of the Zeeman effect and its use in background correction, the contributions which follow are distributed into four main categories, dealing with the analysis respectively of environmental samples, natural waters, foodstuffs and specimens relevant to clinical and toxicological chemistry. The substantial impact of the technique, as deduced from the literature published so far, as well as its future prospects are outlined in the final paper.




Modern Analytical Geochemistry


Book Description

A comprehensive handbook of analytical techniques in geochemistry which provides the student and the professional with an understanding of the wide spectrum of different analytical methods that can be applied to Earth and environmental materials, together with a critical appreciation of their relative merits and limitations.




Hdbk of Atomic Absorption Analysis


Book Description

For each of these elements, information is provided on standard solutions and instrumental parameters, and literature citations and author-subject indices are appended to each of the Group sections. A glossary and extensive technical information on lamps and suppliers of accessories and standards are included in 10 appendices (given in Volume II).




Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry and its Applications


Book Description

The first edition of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry andits Applications was written as a handbook for users who wanted abetter understanding of the theory augmented by a practical insightof how best to approach a range of applications, and to provide auseful starting point for users trying an approach or technique newto them. These objectives have been retained in the second editionbut a slight shift in emphasis gives the volume an overallperspective that is more forward looking. Structured into 11 chapters, the current edition is a thoroughrevision of the original, covering the principles of inductivelycoupled plasmas, instrumentation, methodology and applicationswithin environmental analysis, earth science, food science andclinical medicine. Each chapter, written by internationallyrecognised leaders in their specific subject areas, provides enoughdetail to be useful to both the new and experienced users. Fullaccount is taken of recent developments, such as high resolutioninstruments, novel detection systems and electrospraytechniques. Written for all analytical scientists but particularly thoseinvolved in atomic spectroscopy and in environmental, geochemical,clinical or food analysis, this timely and informative book will bean essential reference in their use of inductively coupled plasmasto achieve their own scientific goals.




High-Resolution Continuum Source AAS


Book Description

High-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS AAS) is the most revolutionary innovation since the introduction of AAS in 1955. Here, the authors provide the first complete and comprehensive discussion of HR-CS AAS and its application to the analysis of a variety of difficult matrices. Published just in time with the first commercial instrument available for this new technique, the book is a must for all those who want to know more about HR-CS AAS, and in particular for all future users. The advantages of the new technique over conventional line-source AAS are clearly demonstrated using practical examples and numerous figures, many in full color. HR-CS AAS is overcoming essentially all the remaining limitations of established AAS, particularly the notorious problem of accurate background measurement and correction. Using a continuum radiation source and a CCD array detector makes the spectral environment visible to several tenths of a nanometer on both sides of the analytical line, tremendously facilitating method development and elimination of interferences. Conceived as a supplement to the standard reference work on AAS by B. Welz and M. Sperling, this book does not repeat such fundamentals as the principles of atomizers or atomization mechanisms. Instead, it is strictly focused on new and additional information required to profit from HR-CS AAS. It presents characteristic concentration for flame atomization and characteristic mass data for electrothermal atomization for all elements, as well as listing numerous secondary lines of lower sensitivity for the determination of higher analyte concentrations. The highly resolved molecular absorption spectra of nitric, sulfuric and phosphoric acids, observed in an air-acetylene flame, which are depicted together with the atomic lines of all elements, make it possible to predict potential spectral interferences.




Treatise on Geochemistry


Book Description

This extensively updated new edition of the widely acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry has increased its coverage beyond the wide range of geochemical subject areas in the first edition, with five new volumes which include: the history of the atmosphere, geochemistry of mineral deposits, archaeology and anthropology, organic geochemistry and analytical geochemistry. In addition, the original Volume 1 on "Meteorites, Comets, and Planets" was expanded into two separate volumes dealing with meteorites and planets, respectively. These additions increased the number of volumes in the Treatise from 9 to 15 with the index/appendices volume remaining as the last volume (Volume 16). Each of the original volumes was scrutinized by the appropriate volume editors, with respect to necessary revisions as well as additions and deletions. As a result, 27% were republished without major changes, 66% were revised and 126 new chapters were added. In a many-faceted field such as Geochemistry, explaining and understanding how one sub-field relates to another is key. Instructors will find the complete overviews with extensive cross-referencing useful additions to their course packs and students will benefit from the contextual organization of the subject matter Six new volumes added and 66% updated from 1st edition. The Editors of this work have taken every measure to include the many suggestions received from readers and ensure comprehensiveness of coverage and added value in this 2nd edition The esteemed Board of Volume Editors and Editors-in-Chief worked cohesively to ensure a uniform and consistent approach to the content, which is an amazing accomplishment for a 15-volume work (16 volumes including index volume)!