Boiling Manhole Heat-Loss Calculations


Book Description

Military facilities that maintain and operate underground heat distribution systems (UHDS) need to make proper, cost-effective decisions concerning maintenance and repair. A poorly maintained manhole can become flooded from rainwater runoff, infiltrating ground water, or other sources. A flooded manhole will experience boiling, producing steam and causing a significant, and avoidable, increase in energy use. This report presents a method to estimate the amount of heat loss from a boiling manhole in a wide variety of situations. A set of correlations is developed to estimate manhole heat loss given a minimum of input parameters. Estimates of the energy cost for several sample calculations of typical manholes are included. Using current Army "Red Book" energy costs, typical flooded manholes can cost the DoD between $50,000 and $125,000 per year if they remain unrepaired.




Boiling Manhole Heat-Loss Calculations


Book Description

Military facilities that maintain and operate underground heat distribution systems (UHDS) need to make proper, cost-effective decisions concerning maintenance and repair. A poorly maintained manhole can become flooded from rainwater runoff, infiltrating ground water, or other sources. A flooded manhole will experience boiling, producing steam and causing a significant, and avoidable, increase in energy use. This report presents a method to estimate the amount of heat loss from a boiling manhole in a wide variety of situations. A set of correlations is developed to estimate manhole heat loss given a minimum of input parameters. Estimates of the energy cost for several sample calculations of typical manholes are included. Using current Army "Red Book" energy costs, typical flooded manholes can cost the DoD between $50,000 and $125,000 per year if they remain unrepaired.







NBSIR.


Book Description










Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries


Book Description

Over the last three decades the process industries have grown very rapidly, with corresponding increases in the quantities of hazardous materials in process, storage or transport. Plants have become larger and are often situated in or close to densely populated areas. Increased hazard of loss of life or property is continually highlighted with incidents such as Flixborough, Bhopal, Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, the Phillips 66 incident, and Piper Alpha to name but a few. The field of Loss Prevention is, and continues to, be of supreme importance to countless companies, municipalities and governments around the world, because of the trend for processing plants to become larger and often be situated in or close to densely populated areas, thus increasing the hazard of loss of life or property. This book is a detailed guidebook to defending against these, and many other, hazards. It could without exaggeration be referred to as the "bible" for the process industries. This is THE standard reference work for chemical and process engineering safety professionals. For years, it has been the most complete collection of information on the theory, practice, design elements, equipment, regulations and laws covering the field of process safety. An entire library of alternative books (and cross-referencing systems) would be needed to replace or improve upon it, but everything of importance to safety professionals, engineers and managers can be found in this all-encompassing reference instead. Frank Lees' world renowned work has been fully revised and expanded by a team of leading chemical and process engineers working under the guidance of one of the world’s chief experts in this field. Sam Mannan is professor of chemical engineering at Texas A&M University, and heads the Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center at Texas A&M. He received his MS and Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Oklahoma, and joined the chemical engineering department at Texas A&M University as a professor in 1997. He has over 20 years of experience as an engineer, working both in industry and academia. New detail is added to chapters on fire safety, engineering, explosion hazards, analysis and suppression, and new appendices feature more recent disasters. The many thousands of references have been updated along with standards and codes of practice issued by authorities in the US, UK/Europe and internationally. In addition to all this, more regulatory relevance and case studies have been included in this edition. Written in a clear and concise style, Loss Prevention in the Process Industries covers traditional areas of personal safety as well as the more technological aspects and thus provides balanced and in-depth coverage of the whole field of safety and loss prevention. * A must-have standard reference for chemical and process engineering safety professionals * The most complete collection of information on the theory, practice, design elements, equipment and laws that pertain to process safety * Only single work to provide everything; principles, practice, codes, standards, data and references needed by those practicing in the field




Steam Generation from Biomass


Book Description

Steam Generation from Biomass: Construction and Design of Large Boilers provides in-depth coverage of steam generator engineering for biomass combustion. It presents the design process and the necessary information needed for an understanding of not only the function of different components of a steam generator, but also what design choices have been made. Professor Vakkilainen explores each particular aspect of steam generator design from the point-of-view of pressure part design, mechanical design, layout design, process design, performance optimization, and cost optimization. Topics such as fuels and their emissions, steam-water circulation, auxiliary equipment, availability and reliability, measurements and control, manufacture, erection, and inspection are covered. Special attention is given to recovery boilers and fluidized bed boilers, and automated design and dimensioning calculation spreadsheets are available for download at the book’s companion website. This book is intended for both design engineers and steam boiler operators, as well as those involved in plant management and equipment purchasing. Provides a complete overview of biomass steam boilers, including processes, phenomena, and nomenclature Presents a clear view of how biomass boilers differ from fossil fuel boilers Covers the most used types of large-scale biomass boilers, including recovery boilers, fluidized bed boilers, and auxiliary equipment Includes a companion website with spreadsheets, calculation examples, and automatic calculation tools for design and dimensioning