Can an Emission Trading Scheme Really Reduce CO2 Emissions in the Short Term? Evidence from a Maritime Fleet Composition and Deployment Model


Book Description

Global warming has become one of the most popular topics on this planet in the past decades, since it is the challenge that needs the efforts from the whole mankind. Maritime transportation, which carries more than 90% of the global trade, plays a critical role in the contribution of green house gases (GHGs) emission. Unfortunately, the GHGs emitted by the global fleet still falls outside the emission reduction scheme established by the Kyoto Protocol. Alternative solutions are therefore strongly desired. Several market-based measures are proposed and submitted to IMO for discussion and evaluation. In this paper, we choose to focus on one of these measures, namely Maritime Emissions Trading Scheme (METS). An optimization model integrating the classical fleet composition and deployment problem with the application of ETS (global or regional) is proposed. This model is used as a tool to study the actual impact of METS on fleet operation and corresponding CO2 emission. The results of the computational study suggest that in the short term the implementation of METS may not guarantee further emission reduction in certain scenarios. However, in other scenarios with low bunker price, high allowance cost or global METS coverage, a more significant CO2 decrease in the short term can be expected.




European Emissions Trading in Practice


Book Description

'Emission markets are crucial both to provide the right incentives to reduce GHG emissions and to fund investments necessary for a transition to a low carbon world. Emission markets however cannot achieve these objectives if inappropriately designed. This book is a novel and fresh attempt to look at the real functioning of the EU Emission Trading Scheme and to assess its effectiveness and inconsistencies, its positive and negative impacts on industrial and financial markets. With the overall objective to improve its design and performance.' Carlo Carraro, University of Venice, Italy '. . . this important book has the great achievement of addressing a complicated and socially highly debated issue of how society could be given optimal incentives for emission reductions from a legal and economic perspective. Moreover, it not only addresses the various issues from a theoretical perspective, but provides important empirical evidence on the working of emissions trading as well. The book will undoubtedly have important lessons not only at the theoretical level, but also for policy makers interested in improving the effectiveness of emission trading schemes.' From the foreword by Michael Faure This unique and up-to-date book analyses the functioning of the European Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and assesses the extent to which relevant legislation has affected its capacity to promote cost-effective reduction of European carbon emissions. The author investigates whether inefficiency has been caused by both the ETS cap setting procedure and by the ETS relevant allocation rule, as defined by Directive 2003/87/EC. He then considers whether the new Directive 2009/29/EC, which reforms the ETS institutional design, is likely to improve the scheme's effectiveness by reducing the risk of carbon leakage which could potentially be a consequence of implementing a unilateral policy across the asymmetric political landscape of Europe. This well-documented book will appeal to researchers and postgraduate students in environmental law and environmental economics, as well as policymakers within environment, industry and economics, and electric and industrial operators and stakeholders. Environmental NGOs, energy and environmental consulting groups, members of the European Commission, and energy and environmental think-tanks will also find much to interest them in this insightful book.




The Greenhouse Gas Protocol


Book Description

The GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard helps companies and other organizations to identify, calculate, and report GHG emissions. It is designed to set the standard for accurate, complete, consistent, relevant and transparent accounting and reporting of GHG emissions.







An Emerging Market for the Environment


Book Description

Since its inclusion in the Kyoto Protocol, as one of three market-based mechanisms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, an international emissions trading system has attracted widespread interest. This guide provides information for the non-specialist on the concept of emissions trading, including a simple theoretical model of an emissions trading system, with an emphasis on its economic advantages in comparison to more conventional forms of regulation. It also explores different system designs and their environmental aims, examples of existing systems with their performance to date, and how future systems may develop.




EU Emission Trading Scheme and the Effect on the Price of Electricity


Book Description

Starting from January 1, 2005 the European Union will implement a scheme for trading with greenhouse gas (GHG) emission allowances. During the first trading period, 2005-2007, the scheme covers only CO2, and there is no international commitment to reduce the emission of GHG. During the second period, 2008-2012, the European Union has committed to reducing their emissions of GHG by 8% compared to 1990 levels. Emissions trading will create a cost of CO2 emissions and increase the marginal cost of producing electricity in fossil-fueled plants. This will result in an increase in the electricity price. For the period of 2005-2007, the likely range of allowance prices in the EU is estimated to be 1-5/tonne CO2 and for 2008-2012, 8-13/tonne CO2. Based on these estimates the effect on the price of electricity is analyzed. In the short run, the price increases in the Nordic countries, except Jutland, is less than the increase in marginal cost for coal plants. In the somewhat longer run (2012) the price increase is approximately the same as the increase in the marginal cost of modern gas-fired plants.




Sustainable Logistics and Transportation


Book Description

Focused on the logistics and transportation operations within a supply chain, this book brings together the latest models, algorithms, and optimization possibilities. Logistics and transportation problems are examined within a sustainability perspective to offer a comprehensive assessment of environmental, social, ethical, and economic performance measures. Featured models, techniques, and algorithms may be used to construct policies on alternative transportation modes and technologies, green logistics, and incentives by the incorporation of environmental, economic, and social measures. Researchers, professionals, and graduate students in urban regional planning, logistics, transport systems, optimization, supply chain management, business administration, information science, mathematics, and industrial and systems engineering will find the real life and interdisciplinary issues presented in this book informative and useful.




Emissions Trading and Carbon Management


Book Description

The world is gearing up for the Copenhagen Summit, a factor which will decide the future of the climate change policies for the world. Hence, understandably, a lot of discussion and debate about sustainable development, emissions cut and emission trading. At this time, it becomes very important for all to understand and appreciate the importance of such a profound concept of emission trading, and its inextricable link with global climate change. For this, various national and International programmes undertaken by the government and voluntarily or by the non-government agencies have positively impacted the progressive reduction of emissions only to some insignificant extent in many parts of the world. The book provides valuable and updated information on the state of global climate change, principally resultant of emissions, the compositions and characteristics of greenhouse gases and their impact particularly on environment and human life, modus operandi of emissions trading and accounting of carbon credits, global initiatives and cooperation in abatement of emissions, regulatory and governance aspects of carbon credit flows, carbon management and International carbon finance, carbon neutrality, carbon footprints and last but not the least carbon literacy to help build a carbon-neutral global community.







Energy and Emissions Markets


Book Description

Written by best selling author Peter C. Fusaro and renowned energy market expert and commentator Tom James, this book demonstrates that the forces of energy and environmental issues and linked more than ever before. The beginning of European emissions and trading in 2005 and the implementation of the Kyoto protocol have accelerated efforts already underway in the US to use market forces to remediate environmental issues. Topics such as emissions trading, renewable energy trading, the fourth dimension in energy trading, and new outcomes on green project finance will be analyzed in this book.