Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments


Book Description

Provides a comprehensive chemical and biochemical treatment on the effects of chromium in the environment and in man. Such an integrated treatment of the chemical and biochemical aspects of chromium is novel and has not appeared in the published literature. Reviews the information on global cycling and environmental occurrence of chromium compounds, which defines the extent of the environmental and toxicological concern. The treatment of chromium chemistry provides the basis for toxicological models of chromium hypersensitivity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and toxicokinetics. Chapters contain graphical representations of the voluminous mutagenicity and animal carcinogenicity data according to chromium compound type, and a tabular summary of all published epidemiological data, broken down according to industry. Also covers clinical patterns, prognosis, pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and environmental and biological monitoring.




User's Guide to Chromium


Book Description

Explains everything you need to know to make this nutrient work for you.




Chromium


Book Description

Learn about chromium, its importance, and its characteristics.




Inorganic Chromium(III) Compounds


Book Description

This document on inorganic chromium (III) compounds provides summaries of the relevant scientific information concerning the potential effects of these chemicals upon human health and/or the environment. Chemical safety cards on the most common inorganic trivalent chromium compounds are reproduced in this document.




Low-Level Hexavalent Chromium Treatment Options


Book Description

In February 1999, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment issued a Public Health Goal (PHG) for total chromium of 2.5 μg/L. The PHG, based on a 10^6 risk level for 0.2 μg/L hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], was 40 times less than the USEPA's contaminant MCL of 100 μg/L for total chromium [Cr(III) ] Cr(VI)]. The success of the movie Erin Brockovich, which popularized a groundwater chromium pollution lawsuit in Hinkley, California, sensitized the public to the health hazards of chromium in drinking water. In 2001, the California state legislature passed a bill requiring the California Department of Health Services to adopt an MCL for Cr(VI). All of these actions must be viewed from the perspective that, at the time, no technology had been demonstrated to be effective at treating chromium to concentrations consistent with the total chromium PHG or the Cr(VI) 10^6 risk level of 0.2 μg/L. The purpose of this report was to present the results of this partnership study, which included an analysis of chromium occurrence and co-occurrence, an evaluation of Cr(VI) removal technologies, and an examination of chromium oxidation and reduction chemistry. This study investigated nearly all of the potential methods of controlling Cr(VI) either through the use of technologies that remove Cr(VI) directly (adsorption, anion exchange, membrane filtration) or those that remove the reduced form of chromium, Cr(III) (precipitation with membranes or coagulation and precipitation with conventional or membrane filters). These technologies were investigated using laboratory-scale testing methods, including batch isotherm tests, bench membrane systems, flow-through mini-columns, and jar testing techniques. For most technologies, controlled water matrices were used to screen performance. Selected technologies were further assessed using natural groundwater matrices from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and the Glendale Water and Power groundwater facilities.




The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium(III)


Book Description

Chromium nutritional supplements are the second best selling mineral supplements after calcium as chromium is found in pills, sports drinks, chewing gums, smoothies, and numerous other products. Chromium has been promoted to promote weight loss and muscle development and most recently to be available to treat the symptoms of type 2 diabetes and related conditions. The aim of The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium(III) is to examine the four most controversial areas of chromium nutrition and biochemistry: - is chromium an essential element for humans and are chromium nutritional supplements of value? - what biochemical role, if any, does chromium play in the body - can large doses of chromium(III) be used to treat symptoms of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and related medical conditions - is the use of chromium(III) supplements a health concern. Scientific experts, who are recognized leaders in the field, weigh in with their opinions on both sides of these issues in this book.A background review of the field from 1955-1995 by Vincent opens the book and concludes with a summary by Dr. Forrest Nielsen, Center Director of the USDA's Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center concludes the book.* Point-counterpoint format, providing both sides of major issues* Complete coverage of current issues, including nutrition, health, biochemical role and toxicology* Authors are recognised experts and leaders in this field




Chromium in Soil - Perspectives in Chemistry, Health, and Environmental Regulation


Book Description

The importance of understanding complex toxicological and chemical properties of hexavalent and trivalent chromium has increased rapidly over the last few years as state and federal regulators reevaluate environmental standards. The risk management of chromium-contaminated soils continues to be a very dynamic process that presents interesting challenges. Chromium in Soil discusses the challenges faced by those investigating and remediating chromium-impacted soils and groundwater. The chapters address numerous ground-breaking developments in various fields of environmental chromium research, including toxicity, chemistry, environmental fate and transport, remediation technology, and health-based cleanup standards.




Chromium(VI) Handbook


Book Description

Put together by a team of scientists, engineers, regulators, and lawyers, the Chromium(VI) Handbook consolidates the latest literature on this topic. The broad scope of this book fills the need for a comprehensive resource on chromium(VI), improving the knowledge of this contaminant at a time when the extent and degree of the problem is still being




The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition


Book Description

The American feed industry manufactures tons of dietary supplements and additives each year for inclusion in the diets of food-producing animals. Some scientists have suggested that chromium should be a key ingredient in nutritional supplements. Controversy exists, however, over whether chromium sources should be approved as feed additives and whether enough data exist to establish dietary requirements. Chromium use has been suggested to have positive impacts on farm profitability, and many animal health benefits have been attributed to chromium supplementation, including increased longevity; enhanced reproduction; decreased incidence of metabolic disorders, stress effects, and disease; reduced need for antibiotic usage; improved immune response; and lean carcass quality. This book addresses recent research on chromium in animal diets; metabolic interactions between chromium and other nutrients; assessments of form and species interactions; supplementation effects; bioavailability of chromium forms and sources; and effects of diet composition, stressors, and animal physiological status on chromium utilization. It also provides recommendations on the essentiality of dietary chromium in domestic animal species and guidelines for use of dietary chromium.