Computer Techniques in Neuroanatomy


Book Description

This book is the story of the marriage of a new techl}ology, computers, with an old problem, the study of neuroanatomical structures using the light microscope. It is aimed toward you, the neuroanatomist, who until now have used computers primarily for word processing but now wish to use them also to collect and analyze your laboratory data. Mter reading the book, you will be better equipped to use a computer system for data collection and analysis, to employ a programmer who might develop a system for you, or to evaluate the systems available in the marketplace. To start toward this goal, a glossary first presents commonly used terms in computer assisted neuroanatomy. This, on its own, will aid you as it merges the jargon of the two different fields. Then, Chapter 1 presents a historical review to describe the manual tasks involved in presenting and measuring anatomic structures. This review lays a base line of the tasks that were done before computers and the amount of skill and time needed to perform the tasks. In Chapters 2 and 3, you will find basic information about laboratory computers and programs to the depth required for you to use the machines easily and talk with some fluency to computer engineers, programmers, and salesmen. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 present the use of computers to reconstruct anatomic structures, i.e., to enter them into a computer memory, where they are later displayed and analyzed.




Computational Neuroanatomy: The Methods


Book Description

Computational neuroanatomy is an emerging field that utilizes various non-invasive brain imaging modalities, such as MRI and DTI, in quantifying the spatiotemporal dynamics of the human brain structures in both normal and clinical populations. This discipline emerged about twenty years ago and has made substantial progress in the past decade. The main goals of this book are to provide an overview of various mathematical, statistical and computational methodologies used in the field to a wide range of researchers and students, and to address important yet technically challenging topics in further detail.




Computational Neuroanatomy


Book Description

Computational neuroanatomy is an emerging field that utilizes various non-invasive brain imaging modalities, such as MRI and DTI, in quantifying the spatiotemporal dynamics of the human brain structures in both normal and clinical populations. This discipline emerged about twenty years ago and has made substantial progress in the past decade. The main goals of this book are to provide an overview of various mathematical, statistical and computational methodologies used in the field to a wide range of researchers and students, and to address important yet technically challenging topics in further detail.




Computational Neuroanatomy


Book Description




Neuroanatomical Research Techniques


Book Description

Neuroanatomical Research Techniques discusses developments in major neuroanatomical research techniques. The book is organized into four parts. Part I deals generally with the preparation and study of brain tissue. It includes a chapter on the microscope, discussing optical magnification, limitations of microscopy, and optical contrasting methods. Other chapters summarize basic techniques for tissue preparation and sectioning; present guidelines for a number of standard, but essential, staining procedures; and present sophisticated and contemporary computer techniques that are proving to be invaluable as neuroanatomy evolves from a qualitative to a quantitative discipline. Part II deals with techniques often used for the study of normal tissue. These include the Golgi method, fluorescence histochemistry, techniques for staining single neurons, and the use of the electron microscope. Part III presents techniques for studying intrinsic connections of the nervous system. These include techniques for silver impregnation of degenerating fibers; autoradiographic technique for studying axonal projections; and somatopetal movement of horseradish peroxidase as a tool for studying connections and neuron morphology. Part IV discusses the interpretation of results from neuroanatomical research techniques and presents examples of the applications of neuroanatomical methods to major problems in physiological psychology.




Computer Analysis of Neuronal Structures


Book Description

It seems particularly appropriate that this pioneering collection of papers should be dedicated to Donald Sholl since those of us who count, measure, and reconstruct elements of the neural en~emble are all very much in his debt. Sholl was certainly not the first to attempt quantification of certain aspects of brain structure. No computers were available to him for the kind of answers he sought, and some of his answers - or rather his interpretations - may not stand the test of time. But we remember him because of the questions he asked and for the reasons he asked them. At a time when the entire family of Golgi techniques was in almost total eclipse, he had the judgment to rely on them. And in a period when the canonical neuron was a perfect sphere (the enormous dendritic superstructure being almost forgotten), he was one of a very few who looked to dendrite extension and pattern as a prime clue to the overall problem of neuronal connectivity.




Functional Neuroanatomy


Book Description

The "functional" in the title of this book not only reflects my personal bias about neuroanatomy in brain research, it is also the gist of many chapters which describe sophisticated ways to resolve structures and interpret them as dynamic entities. Examples are: the visualization of functionally identified brain areas or neurons by activity staining or intracellular dye-iontophoresis; the resolution of synaptic connections between physiologically identified nerve cells; and the biochemical identification of specific neurons (their peptides and transmitters) by histo- and immunocytochemistry. I personally view the nervous system as an organ whose parts, continuously exchanging messages, arrive at their decisions by the cooperative phenome non of consensus and debate. This view is, admittedly, based on my own ex perience of looking at myriads of nerve cells and their connections rather than studying animal behaviour or theorizing. Numerous structural studies have demonstrated that interneurons in the brain must receive hundreds of thousands of synapses. Many neurons receive inputs from several different sensory areas: each input conveys a message about the external world and possibly also about past events which are stored within the central nervous system. Whether an interneuron responds to a certain combination of inputs may be, literally, a matter of debate whose outcome is decided at the post synaptic membrane. A nerve cell responding to an overriding command is possibly a rare event.




Neuroanatomy and transgenic technologies


Book Description

Neuroanatomists increasingly rely on techniques enabling them to manipulate genes in defined brain cell populations. In particular, engineered transgenes, which encode a variety of fluorescent reporter proteins can be inserted into the genome or delivered into desired brain regions using viral vectors, thereby allowing the labeling of molecularly-defined populations of neurons and/or glial cells. Transgenic technology can also be used to selectively delete genes in targeted neuronal populations or bi-directionally modulate their electrical excitability using optogenetic or chemogenetic techniques. One of the primary advantages of using transgenic reagents is to simplify the identification and tracing of targeted population of brain cells, which can be laborious using traditional techniques in neuroanatomy. In this research topic, we assembled up-to-date reviews and original articles that demonstrate the versatility and power of transgenic tools in advancing our knowledge of the nervous system, with a special emphasis on the application of transgenic technology to neuroanatomical questions.




Discovering the Brain


Book Description

The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."




Contemporary Research Methods in Neuroanatomy


Book Description

As a source of information on neuroanatomical research methods this Volume is not without precedent. In 1957, at the initiative of Dr. W. F. Windle, a conference was held at the National Institutes of Health, the proceedings of which, edited by Dr. Windle and published by C. C. Thomas under the title "New Research Tech niques of Neuroanatomy", rapidly became something like a standard reference in the field of Neuromorphology. The present editors were emboldened to seek support for a second expose of contemporary research methods in Neuroanatomy by the success of this earlier publication, as well as by the consideration that the years elapsed since its appearance have been, perhaps, more productive of new research methods and strategies in Neuroanatomy than were any dozen consecutive years since the golden decades of the 1870's and 1880's. The decision, which methods to include in this conference, has been a difficult one. For reasons of space alone it would have been impossible to do equal justice to techniques approaching the brain as a neuronal system, the brain as a tissue, or the neuron as a cell. As a brief inspection of the contents of this volume will show, the weight of choice fell upon the first of these alternatives. The reader will find, further more, that not all of the book is devoted to new methods in the strict sense.