Construction, Maintenance, and Operation of a Glacial Runway, McMurdo Station, Antarctica


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On 7 February 1994, a C-141 departed Christchurch, New Zealand, and landed on the 3050 m (10,000-ft) Pegasus glacial ice runway, located on the Ross Ice Shelf 13 km (8 miles) south of McMurdo, Antarctica. This event marked the final test for a five-year development program to demonstrate the feasibility of a semipermanent glacial ice runway capable of supporting heavy wheeled aircraft at a site easily accessible to McMurdo. In the later phases of developing the glacial ice runway, numerous working flights of LC-130s operating on wheels (rather than skis) moved cargo more efficiently to the South Pole, and the LC-130 and a C-130 carried larger passenger loads to Christchurch. The primary benefit of the Pegasus runway to the U.S. Antarctic Program is its ability to support heavy wheeled aircraft for most of the period of mid-January through November. In the past, only ski-equipped aircraft could land in the McMurdo area during this time period. The Pegasus runway allows increased payloads for the LC-130 (an additional 3600-kg or 8000-lb takeoff weight when using wheels) and provides access for virtually any conventional aircraft. The technology for siting, constructing, maintaining, and operating such a runway is now well understood and is described in detail in this comprehensive report.




CRREL Monograph


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Ice


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Like the adventurer who circled an iceberg to see it on all sides, Mariana Gosnell, former Newsweek reporter and author of Zero Three Bravo, a book about flying a small plane around the United States, explores ice in all its complexity, grandeur, and significance.More brittle than glass, at times stronger than steel, at other times flowing like molasses, ice covers 10 percent of the earth’s land and 7 percent of its oceans. In nature it is found in myriad forms, from the delicate needle ice that crunches underfoot in a winter meadow to the massive, centuries-old ice that forms the world’s glaciers. Scientists theorize that icy comets delivered to Earth the molecules needed to get life started, and ice ages have shaped much of the land as we know it.Here is the whole world of ice, from the freezing of Pleasant Lake in New Hampshire to the breakup of a Vermont river at the onset of spring, from the frozen Antarctic landscape that emperor penguins inhabit to the cold, watery route bowhead whales take between Arctic ice floes. Mariana Gosnell writes about frostbite and about the recently discovered 5,000-year-old body of a man preserved in an Alpine glacier. She discusses the work of scientists who extract cylinders of Greenland ice to study the history of the earth’s climate and try to predict its future. She examines ice in plants, icebergs, icicles, and hail; sea ice and permafrost; ice on Mars and in the rings of Saturn; and several new forms of ice developed in labs. She writes of the many uses humans make of ice, including ice-skating, ice fishing, iceboating, and ice climbing; building ice roads and seeding clouds; making ice castles, ice cubes, and iced desserts. Ice is a sparkling illumination of the natural phenomenon whose ebbs and flows over time have helped form the world we live in. It is a pleasure to read, and important to read—for its natural science and revelations about ice’s influence on our everyday lives, and for what it has to tell us about our environment today and in the future.




Special Report


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Snow and Ice Properties as Related to Roads and Runways in Antarctica


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Dynamic tests were performed to determine the Young's modulus of sea ice, derived from longitudinal wave velocities measured with a soniscope. Static tests consisted of standard ring tensile strength and simple beam or flexural strength tests. The strength data were plotted on a base of the brine volume for each test. The test results indicate that the annual sea ice at McMurdo Sound is capable of supporting cargo type aircraft. Snow runways capable of supporting a C-130 aircraft on wheels and providing marginal support to a C-121 can be constructed either with the Peter plow or with the pulvimixer. However, the runway would be reliable only during comparatively low temperatures (




CRREL Benchnotes


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Encyclopedia of the Antarctic


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Special Report


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Operation and maintenance


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