Creole Subjects in the Colonial Americas


Book Description

Creolization describes the cultural adaptations that occur when a community moves to a new geographic setting. Exploring the consciousness of peoples defined as "creoles" who moved from the Old World to the New World, this collection of eighteen original essays investigates the creolization of literary forms and genres in the Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Creole Subjects in the Colonial Americas facilitates a cross-disciplinary, intrahemispheric, and Atlantic comparison of early settlers' colonialism and creole elites' relation to both indigenous peoples and imperial regimes. Contributors explore literatures written in Spanish, Portuguese, and English to identify creole responses to such concepts as communal identity, local patriotism, nationalism, and literary expression. The essays take the reader from the first debates about cultural differences that underpinned European ideologies of conquest to the transposition of European literary tastes into New World cultural contexts, and from the natural science discourse concerning creolization to the literary manifestations of creole patriotism. The volume includes an addendum of etymological terms and critical bibliographic commentary. Contributors: Ralph Bauer, University of Maryland Raquel Chang-Rodriguez, City University of New York Lucia Helena Costigan, Ohio State University Jim Egan, Brown University Sandra M. Gustafson, University of Notre Dame Carlos Jauregui, Vanderbilt University Yolanda Martinez-San Miguel, University of Pennsylvania Jose Antonio Mazzotti, Tufts University Stephanie Merrim, Brown University Susan Scott Parrish, University of Michigan Luis Fernando Restrepo, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Jeffrey H. Richards, Old Dominion University Kathleen Ross, New York University David S. Shields, University of South Carolina Teresa A. Toulouse, Tulane University Lisa Voigt, University of Chicago Jerry M. Williams, West Chester University




Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives


Book Description

A comprehensive study of African slavery in the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the New World.




The Creoles


Book Description

*Includes pictures *Includes a bibliography for further reading "Little by little, the bird makes its nest." - Old Haitian Creole Proverb Vibrant, up-tempo vocals and exquisitely soulful harmonies paired with an accordion-heavy and drum-tastic blend of folksy and bluesy instrumentals that one cannot help but tap one's foot to. Rich and creamy, ultra-seasoned bisques. Flavorful, aromatic gumbos packed with tomatoes, smoked sausages, chicken, and shellfish. A heavenly concoction of stewed rice and an assortment of meats and seafood, enlivened with tomatoes, celery, onions, and peppers, otherwise known as "red jambalaya." Striking paintings featuring bright pops of color and featureless silhouettes of men, women, and children with varying shades of brown skin. These are often the first sounds, scents, tastes, and visuals evoked when the word "Creole" is brought up in a conversation. Contrary to popular belief, the term "Creole" is not restricted to the Louisiana Creole, nor the Creoles of color, which collectively refers to the overall ethnic group and different local Creole cultures that blossomed across the Spanish and French colonies in Louisiana, Mississippi, and northwestern Florida. Today, the term is much more complex and may be applied to any of the various Creole cultures around the globe. The word may also be used to describe any language that has spawned from a mixture of languages, or specifically the associated, but distinct tongues developed within Creole communities, as well as the speakers of these languages themselves. Generally speaking, however, the word "Creole" refers to the cultures birthed from the colonial-era racial and cultural mixing between Europeans (mostly of French, Spanish, or Portuguese descent) and Africans, as well as Native Americans, and other local or indigenous peoples in French, Spanish, and Portuguese territories. The merging of the above-mentioned heritages is a process now known as "creolization." Indeed, the image of a caramel-skinned individual with a combination of Afrocentric, Native American, and Caucasian physical features falls within the extensive realm of "Creole culture," but it is important to remember that the Creole peoples come in all complexions, shapes, and sizes, ranging from darker skin coupled with predominantly "African" traits and virtually no visible signs of European ancestry, to sets of blue or green eyes set amongst other ambiguously "Caucasian" characteristics. Beige-skinned individuals sculpted with an assortment of Spanish and Southeast Asian features, as seen in many of the Filipino Creole, also belong to the same category. The Creoles: The History and Legacy of Some of the Americas' Most Unique Ethnic Groups profiles the people, from their origins to their histories across the Americas. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Creoles like never before.




Creole


Book Description

The word Creole evokes a richness rivaled only by the term's widespread misunderstanding. Now both aspects of this unique people and culture are given thorough, illuminating scrutiny in Creole, a comprehensive, multidisciplinary history of Louisiana's Creole population. Written by scholars, many of Creole descent, the volume wrangles with the stuff of legend and conjecture while fostering an appreciation for the Creole contribution to the American mosaic. The collection opens with a historically relevant perspective found in Alice Moore Dunbar-Nelson's 1916 piece "People of Color of Louisiana" and continues with contemporary writings: Joan M. Martin on the history of quadroon balls; Michel Fabre and Creole expatriates in France; Barbara Rosendale Duggal with a debiased view of Marie Laveau; Fehintola Mosadomi and the downtrodden roots of Creole grammar; Anthony G. Barthelemy on skin color and racism as an American legacy; Caroline Senter on Reconstruction poets of political vision; and much more. Violet Harrington Bryan, Lester Sullivan, Jennifer DeVere Brody, Sybil Kein, Mary Gehman, Arthi A. Anthony, and Mary L. Morton offer excellent commentary on topics that range from the lifestyles of free women of color in the nineteenth century to the Afro-Caribbean links to Creole cooking. By exploring the vibrant yet marginalized culture of the Creole people across time, Creole goes far in diminishing past and present stereotypes of this exuberant segment of our society. A study that necessarily embraces issues of gender, race and color, class, and nationalism, it speaks to the tensions of an increasingly ethnically mixed mainstream America.




The Creole Archipelago


Book Description

By approaching the colonial Caribbean as an interconnected region, Tessa Murphy recasts small islands as the site of broader contests over Indigenous dominion, racial belonging, economic development, and colonial subjecthood.




The Ideology of Creole Revolution


Book Description

This book explores the surprising similarities in the political ideas of the American and Latin American independence movements.




Imperial Subjects


Book Description

In colonial Latin America, social identity did not correlate neatly with fixed categories of race and ethnicity. As Imperial Subjects demonstrates, from the early years of Spanish and Portuguese rule, understandings of race and ethnicity were fluid. In this collection, historians offer nuanced interpretations of identity as they investigate how Iberian settlers, African slaves, Native Americans, and their multi-ethnic progeny understood who they were as individuals, as members of various communities, and as imperial subjects. The contributors’ explorations of the relationship between colonial ideologies of difference and the identities historical actors presented span the entire colonial period and beyond: from early contact to the legacy of colonial identities in the new republics of the nineteenth century. The volume includes essays on the major colonial centers of Mexico, Peru, and Brazil, as well as the Caribbean basin and the imperial borderlands. Whether analyzing cases in which the Inquisition found that the individuals before it were “legally” Indians and thus exempt from prosecution, or considering late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century petitions for declarations of whiteness that entitled the mixed-race recipients to the legal and social benefits enjoyed by whites, the book’s contributors approach the question of identity by examining interactions between imperial subjects and colonial institutions. Colonial mandates, rulings, and legislation worked in conjunction with the exercise and negotiation of power between individual officials and an array of social actors engaged in countless brief interactions. Identities emerged out of the interplay between internalized understandings of self and group association and externalized social norms and categories. Contributors. Karen D. Caplan, R. Douglas Cope, Mariana L. R. Dantas, María Elena Díaz, Andrew B. Fisher, Jane Mangan, Jeremy Ravi Mumford, Matthew D. O’Hara, Cynthia Radding, Sergio Serulnikov, Irene Silverblatt, David Tavárez, Ann Twinam




New World Orders


Book Description

As the geographic boundaries of early American history have expanded, so too have historians' attempts to explore the comparative dimensions of this history. At the same time, historians have struggled to find a conceptual framework flexible enough to incorporate the sweeping narratives of imperial history and the hidden narratives of social history into a broader, synthetic whole. No such paradigm that captures the two perspectives has yet emerged. New World Orders addresses these broad conceptual issues by reexamining the relationships among violence, sanction, and authority in the early modern Americas. More specifically, the essays in this volume explore the wide variety of legal and extralegal means—from state-sponsored executions to unsanctioned crowd actions—by which social order was maintained, with a particular emphasis on how extralegal sanctions were defined and used; how such sanctions related to legal forms of maintaining order; and how these patterns of sanction, embedded within other forms of colonialism and culture, created cultural, legal, social, or imperial spaces in the early Americas. With essays written by senior and junior scholars on the British, Spanish, Dutch, and French colonies, New World Orders presents one of the most comprehensive looks at the sweep of colonization in the Atlantic world. By juxtaposing case studies from Brazil, Venezuela, New York, California, Saint Domingue, and Louisiana with treatments of broader trends in Anglo-America or Spanish America more generally, the volume demonstrates the need to examine the questions of violence, sanction, and authority in hemispheric perspective.




American Creoles


Book Description

In American Creoles, leading authorities examine the cultural, social, and historical affinities between the Francophone Caribbean and the American South. The essays focus on issues of history, language, politics, and culture in various forms and consider figures as diverse as Barack Obama, Frantz Fanon, Miles Davis, James Brown, Edouard Glissant, William Faulkner, and Lafcadio Hearn. Exploring the ideas of Creole culture and creolization—terms rooted in the history of contact between European and African people and cultures in the Americas—the essays provide productive ways to conceive of the larger Caribbean as a single cultural and historical entity.




The Creole Invention of Peru


Book Description

"More than with Lima, this book deals with a specific social formation, the criollos or Creoles, particularly the beneméritos or descendants of conquistadors, whose study has almost always framed them as belonging to a colonial past that was supposedly erased and surpassed during the Republic. This study demonstrates that the Creoles who emerged from this situation developed strategies of survival and negotiation and many mental habits that are still present in Peru today. The first generations of Creoles created an ethnic identity that can be understood as 'national' only in the archaic and pre-Enlightenment sense of the word, without necessarily looking for independence from Spain, but with local patriotic aspirations. Thus, although this study speaks mostly about the past, it aims to explain the present and the flaws of a supposedly democratic, modern national state, still obedient to the interests of internal colonialism and the traditional Europoid ethnic prevalence in Peru. Among other merits, this book contributes to decolonial theory through the historical and cultural analysis of a dominant group"--