Current Indications for Growth Hormone Therapy


Book Description

Breaking new ground in terms of scientific analysis, this book addresses the question of who benefits most from treatment with recombinant human growth hormone. Outlined at the beginning of this book are the principles of evidence-based medicine along with a critical appraisal of the statistical issues that lie at the center of growth hormone trials. Each chapter reviews the current state of knowledge on the use of growth hormone in conditions ranging from Turner syndrome through other syndromes of intrauterine growth retardation to the short normal child, also highlighting issues that remain to be addressed in further research. Evaluating therapies in terms of efficacy and safety or the health benefit for the individual or society as a whole are rarely approached in pediatric endocrinology and for this reason a special chapter on health economic evaluation is included. This book is of interest and offers practical help to pediatricians and endocrinologists.




Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults


Book Description

It has been known for over 40 years that GH-deficient-children benefit from replacement with the hormone. But GH, essential for longitudinal growth, also plays a role after completion of final height. With the introduction of biosynthetic human GH 20 years ago, the use of GH was no longer restricted to severe growth retardation in hypopituitary children. This book will take the reader behind the myths of GH and into the real world of clinical endocrinology. The contributions stem from recognized clinicians and scientists who have been working in the field for decades. The contents encompass traditional end points of GH therapy such as body composition, bone biology and physical performance. Attention is also devoted to diagnostic aspects and side effects. Additional features range from clinical epidemiology to quality of life, and novel areas such as the impact of traumatic brain injury on pituitary function are also covered. The present volume of Frontiers of Hormone Research is essential reading for health care professionals interested in clinical endocrinology and GH.




Growth Hormone Therapy in Pediatrics


Book Description

For 20 years, KIGS (Pfizer International Growth Database) has provided an outstanding tool for monitoring the use, efficacy and safety of growth hormone (GH) treatment in children with short stature of varying origin. This volume offers a comprehensive update of the continuing experiences in KIGS and is based on data from more than 50 countries and more than 60,000 patients. International experts analyse in detail the basic auxological characteristics of patients and their response to GH treatment for a broad spectrum of growth disorders. These include idiopathic GH deficiency, organic GH deficiency due to a variety of causes such as congenital malformations and syndromes, genetic disorders or treatment for leukaemia or central nervous system tumours and short stature in children born small for gestational age, specific syndromes and systemic disorders. Each growth disorder is also covered by a review of relevant published data by international experts. KIGS has also established itself as a primary source of information about adverse events during long-term GH treatment in children. The recent analysis of KIGS data has revealed no new adverse drug reactions since the 10-year follow-up. Therefore, treatment with GH seems a low-risk intervention in children and adolescents with various growth disorders. The process of developing disease-specific growth response prediction models has been ongoing in KIGS for many years. The available models are accurate, precise and have a relatively high degree of predictive power, although further predictors of the growth response remain to be identified. The KIGS prediction models can be applied prospectively to new patients, enabling their GH therapy to be better tailored and monitored to achieve optimal growth, safety and cost outcomes. The future of KIGS within the era of evidence-based medicine will continue to depend upon the quality of the data reported. Therefore, the commitment of participating physicians will continue to be a decisive element. The ongoing recognition of the importance of valid safety and efficacy information in the practice of paediatric endocrinology is exemplified by this valuable international collaboration of clinicians and the pharmaceutical community.




Basic and Clinical Aspects of Growth Hormone


Book Description

In this era of proliferation of synthetic growth hormone in the marketplace, there is a parallel and accentuated interest in growth hormone in the scientific arena. Because many more people can be treated with available growth hormone, clinicians must be prepared to answer hard questions regarding appropriate therapeutic usage and their decisions should be based on substantiated research in growth hormone. In June 1987, an international group of basic and clinical inves tigators gathered in Tampa, Florida, to address these issues and to further explore the very nature of growth hormone. The presentations contained within this book bring together their most current and vital research related to growth hormone. Section I deals with an examination of the molecular and biochemical events which define the growth hormone process. In Section II the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion is highlighted from contrasting perspectives. The third section emphasizes and defines methods of diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency states. Section IV reviews the physiology, biochemistry and molecular actions of growth hormone and somatomedin. Section V represents an assessment of growth hormone treatment for various disorders, and the sixth section expands current uses of growth hormone therapy as it evolves into the next decade. The symposium upon which this book is based proved to be a dynamic blending of scholarly interaction between basic and clinical scientists. I am indebted to the participants whose worthy contributions are reflected in these pages.




The Pituitary


Book Description

The pituitary, albeit a small gland, is known as the "master gland" of the endocrine system and contributes to a wide spectrum of disorders, diseases, and syndromes. Since the publication of the second edition of The Pituitary, in 2002, there have been major advances in the molecular biology research of pituitary hormone production and action and there is now a better understanding of the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors and clinical syndromes resulting in perturbation of pituitary function. There have also been major advances in the clinical management of pituitary disorders. Medical researchers and practitioners now better understand the morbidity and mortality associated with pituitary hormone hyposecretion and hypersecretion. Newly developed drugs, and improved methods of delivering established drugs, are allowing better medical management of acromegaly and prolactinoma. These developments have improved the worldwide consensus around the definition of a "cure" for pituitary disease, especially hormone hypersecretion, and hence will improve the success or lack of success of various forms of therapy. It is therefore time for a new edition of The Pituitary. The third edition will continue to be divided into sections that summarize normal hypothalamic-pituitary development and function, hypothalamic-pituitary failure, and pituitary tumors; additional sections will describe pituitary disease in systemic disorders and diagnostic procedures, including imaging, assessment of the eyes, and biochemical testing. The first chapter will be completely new – placing a much greater emphasis on physiology and pathogenesis. Two new chapters will be added on the Radiation and Non-surgical Management of the Pituitary and Other Pituitary Lesions. Other chapters will be completely updated and many new author teams will be invited. The second edition published in 2002 and there have been incredible changes in both the research and clinical aspects of the pituitary over the past 8 years – from new advances in growth hormones to pituitary tumor therapy. Presents a comprehensive, translational source of information about the pituitary in one reference work Pituitary experts (from all areas of research and practice) take readers from the bench research (cellular and molecular mechanism), through genomic and proteomic analysis, all the way to clinical analysis (histopathology and imaging) and new therapeutic approaches Clear presentation by endocrine researchers of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying pituitary hormones and growth factors as well as new techniques used in detecting lesions (within the organ) and other systemic disorders Clear presentation by endocrinologists and neuroendocrine surgeons of how imaging, assessment of the eyes, and biochemical testing can lead to new therapeutic approaches




Growth Hormone Deficiency


Book Description

Providing the most current information on the function of human growth hormone (GH) and the consequences of its deficiency, this practical yet comprehensive text is divided into three sections. Part one describes the mechanisms of GH secretion and action, including the physiology of GH and its regulation by sex steroids and thyroid hormones, the effects of both under nutrition and obesity on GH secretion, and the metabolic effects of human recombinant GH therapy. The second section covers diagnostic strategies and tests for GH deficiency in both children and adults, including MRI of the pituitary. The final section describes the different etiologies of GH deficiency, from molecular mechanisms and gene abnormalities to cranial radiation and traumatic brain injury, along with syndromes related to this deficiency. Presenting underlying mechanisms and pathologies, as well as diagnostic methods, Growth Hormone Deficiency will provide the most up-to-date essential information and evidence on this condition for the clinical endocrinologist.




New Insights and Controversies in Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency


Book Description

Adult growth hormone deficiency (aGHD) is the clinical expression of a reduced GH secretion caused by congenital or acquired diseases affecting the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Once considered a rare clinical disorder, its prevalence is apparently increasing. Nevertheless, due to the subtle clinical manifestations, aGHD could be still underestimated. Thirty years of experience with recombinant GH (rh-GH) clearly indicate the beneficial effects of replacement therapy with amelioration of metabolic and inflammatory parameters, body composition, endothelial function, quality of life, and reduction of cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, the world of GH and aGHD is rapidly enriching: new information on GH physiology, regarding its metabolic role and pleiotropic activities, is spreading, thus even making inappropriate the same name of “growth hormone”. The definition of “functional” and “partial” aGHD is still unclear and debated, although data about partially impaired GH secretion showed alteration of some metabolic and clinical parameters associated with cardiovascular risk. Current guidelines about GHD diagnosis and treatment have been elaborated, but many questions remain debated. New tests for diagnosis have recently been proposed, and non-conventional indications for diagnosis and treatment deserve further investigations. Controlled trials on the beneficial effects on morbidity and mortality are still lacking and new formulations of GH are under investigation. Several questions are related to the age of affected patients (from transition age to ageing) and no indications are available on how long the therapy should be considered. Other concerns are related to a possible pro-oncogenic effect, especially in patients who develop the deficiency after a removal of a hypothalamic-pituitary tumor. The interrelations with other pituitary axes need further clarification since isolate GHD and multiple pituitary deficiencies may have a different spectrum of manifestation. The aim of this Research Topic is to furnish deeper insight to questions related to aGHD: from molecular pathways involved in the pathophysiology to diagnostic tools and replacement therapy.




Gigantism and Acromegaly


Book Description

Gigantism and Acromegaly brings together pituitary experts, taking readers from bench research, to genetic analysis, clinical analysis, and new therapeutic approaches. This book serves as a reference for growth hormone over-secretion and its diagnosis and treatment for endocrinologists, pediatricians, internists, and neurosurgeons, and for geneticists. Pharmaceutical companies may use it as a reference for drug development and research. Students, residents and fellows in medicine and endocrinology and genetics will also find it valuable as it provides a single up-to-date review of the molecular biology of gigantism and acromegaly as well as recommended approaches to evaluation and management. Acromegaly is a rare pituitary disorder that slowly changes its adult victim’s appearance over time: larger hands and feet, bigger jaw, forehead, nose, and lips. Generally, a benign pituitary tumor is the cause and symptoms of acromegaly can vary from patient to patient, making a diagnosis difficult and prolonging suffering for years. Early detection is key in the management of acromegaly as the pathologic effects of increased growth hormone (GH) production are progressive and can be life-threatening as the result of associated cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory disorders and malignancies. Accessible, up-to-date overview of the characteristics, state-of-the-art diagnostic procedures, and management of acromegaly and gigantism Provides a unique compendium of endocrinology, genetics, clinical diagnosis and therapeutics Contains contributions from internationally known experts who have treated patients with acromegaly and gigantism




Human Growth Hormone


Book Description

It has been ten years since the National Hormone and Pituitary Program (then called the National Pituitary Agency) sponsored a symposium on human growth hormone (hGH). Numerous advances have occurred during this period. This book does not attempt to summarize past achievements. Rather, it deals with the contemporary issues in hGH research. A discussion of the present state of the art, of necessity, includes a review of the past. Some of the topics herein discussed include the following: 1. Growth hormone releasing factor (GRF). In 1973, the growth hormone inhibitory factor (somatostatin) had recently been discovered. The search for a releasing factor in humans led to its discovery not in the pituitary but in a pancreatic tumor that secreted growth hormone. The advances are discussed in this book. The current hope is that GRF will eventually become an effective therapeutic agent for idiopathic hypopituitarism in childhood and adolescence. 2. Biosynthesis of hGR by recombinant DNA technology. Current advances are discussed. Although hGH is not yet an approved drug, it will eventually become one. This will broaden our horizons in terms of hGH effectiveness in disorders other than hypopituitary dwarfism. The current experience with this type of hGH in both the Vnited States and Europe is reviewed by several authors.




Current Indications for Growth Hormone Therapy


Book Description

Growth hormone (GH) has been used therapeutically for over 50 years. Since the development of a nearly unlimited supply of recombinant human GH in the mid-1980s, children with less severe GH deficiency can also profit from GH replacement therapy. Careful and accurate diagnosis and specific dosing, both essential to ensure normal height development, require the clinician to understand the finer points of clinical trials, to acquire quality evidence and assess the benefits of therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, genetic and environmental factors influencing GH sensitivity and responsiveness need to be taken into account. In this second edition all these aspects are covered in depth. Clinical examination, detailed auxological measurements, bone age assessment, molecular analysis and neuro-radiological evaluation as well as an adaptive strategy of dosing focusing on a patient‘s individual responsiveness are discussed in detail. This volume of Endocrine Development is essential reading for pediatric endocrinologists, pediatricians and clinical nurse specialists involved in GH therapy.