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Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Rollouts and Their Effects on Health Outcomes

Author : Mr. Pragyan Deb

Publisher : International Monetary Fund

Page : 51 pages

File Size : 39,79 MB

Release : 2021-10-18

Category : Business & Economics

ISBN : 1589063155

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Book Description

This paper examines empirically the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine rollouts and their effects on health outcomes. We assemble a comprehensive and novel cross-country database at a daily frequency on vaccinations and various health outcomes (new COVID-19 cases, fatalities, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions) for the period December 16, 2020-June 20, 2021. Using this data, we find that: (i) early vaccine procurement, domestic production of vaccines, the severity of the pandemic, a country’s health infrastructure, and vaccine acceptance are significant determinants of the speed of vaccination rollouts; (ii) vaccine deployment significantly reduces new COVID-19 infections, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions, and fatalities, and is more effective when coupled with stringent containment measures, or when a country is experiencing a large outbreak; and (iii) COVID-19 cases in neighboring countries can lead to an increase in a country’s domestic caseload, and hamper efforts in taming its own local outbreak.



Who Doesn’t Want to be Vaccinated? Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy During COVID-19

Author : Hibah Khan

Publisher : International Monetary Fund

Page : 41 pages

File Size : 28,45 MB

Release : 2021-05-06

Category : Business & Economics

ISBN : 1513573713

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Book Description

Quick vaccine rollouts are crucial for a strong economic recovery, but vaccine hesitancy could prolong the pandemic and the need for social distancing and lockdowns. We use individual-level data from nationally representative surveys developed by YouGov and Imperial College London to empirically examine the determinants of vaccine hesitancy across 17 countries and over time. Vaccine demand depends on demographic features such as age and gender, but also on perceptions about the severity of COVID-19 and side effects of the vaccine, vaccine access, compliance with protective behaviors, overall trust in government, and how information is shared with peers. We then introduce vaccine hesitancy into an extended SIR model to assess its impact on pandemic dynamics. We find that hesitancy can increase COVID-19 infections and deaths significantly if it slows down vaccine rollouts, but has a smaller impact if all willing adults can be immunized rapidly.



The Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines on Economic Activity

Author : Mr. Pragyan Deb

Publisher : International Monetary Fund

Page : 47 pages

File Size : 41,24 MB

Release : 2021-10-19

Category : Business & Economics

ISBN : 1589063767

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Book Description

This paper empirically examines the economic effects of COVID-19 vaccine rollouts using a cross-country daily database of vaccinations and high frequency indicators of economic activity—nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, and Google mobility indices—for a sample of 46 countries over the period December 16, 2020 to June 20, 2021. Using surprises in vaccines administered, we find that an unexpected increase in vaccination per capita is associated with a significant increase in economic activity. We also find evidence for non-linear effects of vaccines, with the marginal economic benefits being larger when vaccination rates are higher. Country-specific conditions play an important role, with lower economic gains if strict containment measures are in place or if the country is experiencing a severe outbreak. Finally, the results provide evidence of spillovers across borders, highlighting the importance of equitable access to vaccines across nations.



Political Determinants of COVID-19 Restrictions and Vaccine Rollouts

Author : Pablo Arija Prieto

Publisher :

Page : 0 pages

File Size : 32,87 MB

Release : 2023

Category :

ISBN :

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Book Description

The COVID-19 outbreak is one of the most significant public health crises in modern history, with considerable effects on the agendas of governments. Non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination campaigns have been designed first and foremost to protect vulnerable groups. However, political considerations of governments matter for policy design. In this study, we follow Political Budget Cycle (PBC) theory to explore whether incumbent electoral concerns and political-related factors influence regional-level adoption of stricter containment measures and the efficiency of the vaccine rollout in the Italian and Spanish regions from June 2020 to July 2021. The results reveal that incumbents up for the next near election are 5.8% more likely to increase the stringency of containment measures than those that face a term limit. The findings also demonstrate that the seats of the incumbent and coalition parties in the parliament and the number of parties in the coalition have a negative effect on both the pace of the vaccination and the stringency of interventions. In addition, the competitiveness of the election is an important determinant of the strictness of the mitigation policies. Therefore, our results suggest that incumbents manipulate COVID-19 policy responses to attract a higher vote share. Political incentives, competition and government coalitions thus have implications for policy making in periods of health emergencies.



The Effect of Socioeconomic Factors and Healthcare Access Indicators on COVID-19 Vaccination Rates Within U.S. Communities

Author : Isabella Rater

Publisher :

Page : 0 pages

File Size : 28,69 MB

Release : 2023

Category :

ISBN :

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Book Description

PURPOSE: This thesis aims to evaluate the influence of key indicators of healthcare access, socioeconomic factors, and population demographics on COVID-19 vaccination rates among U.S. counties. Moreover, this thesis also serves to examine COVID-19 vaccination rates across the rural-urban continuum. Additionally, we provide insights that illuminate the indicators and behaviors that may be strategically utilized to assist policymakers on COVID-19 vaccination and mitigation strategies. METHODS: We use a three-pronged multivariate linear regression model to analyze the association of health-related factors with COVID-19 vaccination uptake at important phases during the COVID-19 vaccine distribution process. Time 1 signifies the initial phases of the COVID-19 vaccine distribution period when vaccines were moderately accessible; Time 2 signifies one month after the FDA approval of the first COVID-19 vaccine; and Time 3 signifies the end of the vaccination rollout period when the vaccine was widely available to most. To examine the leading research questions, we employ two prominent datasets: 1] the 2021 County Health Rankings & Roadmaps (CHR&R) national dataset from the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute, and 2] the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) national database for COVID-19 vaccinations at the county level. RESULTS: The notable findings throughout all three time periods show statistically significant associations among uninsurance rates, the prevalence of primary care providers per 100,000 population, and the proportion of American Indian and Alaska Native individuals on COVID-19 vaccination coverage.



The Impact of the COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution on Mental Health Outcomes

Author : Virat Agrawal

Publisher :

Page : 0 pages

File Size : 18,46 MB

Release : 2021

Category :

ISBN :

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Book Description

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a "second pandemic" of anxiety and depression. While vaccines are primarily aimed at reducing COVID-19 transmission and mortality risks, they may have important secondary benefits. We use data from U.S. Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey merged to state-level COVID-19 vaccination eligibility data to estimate the secondary benefits of COVID-19 vaccination on mental health outcomes. To address endogenous COVID-19 vaccination, we leverage state-level variation in the timing of when age groups are eligible for vaccination. We estimate that COVID-19 vaccination reduces anxiety and depression symptoms by nearly 30%. Nearly all the benefits are private benefits, and we find little evidence of spillover effects, that is, increases in community vaccination rates are not associated with improved anxiety or depression symptoms among the unvaccinated. We find that COVID-19 vaccination is associated with larger reductions in anxiety or depression symptoms among individuals with lower education levels, who rent their housing, who are not able to telework, and who have children in their household. The economic benefit of reductions in anxiety and depression are approximately $350 billion. Our results highlight an important, but understudied, secondary benefit of COVID-19 vaccinations.



The Impact of the COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution on Mental Health Outcomes

Author : Virat Agrawal

Publisher :

Page : pages

File Size : 24,12 MB

Release : 2021

Category : Anxiety disorders

ISBN :

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Book Description

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a "second pandemic" of anxiety and depression. While vaccines are primarily aimed at reducing COVID-19 transmission and mortality risks, they may have important secondary benefits. We use data from U.S. Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey merged to state-level COVID-19 vaccination eligibility data to estimate the secondary benefits of COVID-19 vaccination on mental health outcomes. To address endogenous COVID-19 vaccination, we leverage state-level variation in the timing of when age groups are eligible for vaccination. We estimate that COVID-19 vaccination reduces anxiety and depression symptoms by nearly 30%. Nearly all the benefits are private benefits, and we find little evidence of spillover effects, that is, increases in community vaccination rates are not associated with improved anxiety or depression symptoms among the unvaccinated. We find that COVID-19 vaccination is associated with larger reductions in anxiety or depression symptoms among individuals with lower education levels, who rent their housing, who are not able to telework, and who have children in their household. The economic benefit of reductions in anxiety and depression are approximately $350 billion. Our results highlight an important, but understudied, secondary benefit of COVID-19 vaccinations.





A Proposal to End the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author : Ruchir Agarwal

Publisher : International Monetary Fund

Page : 54 pages

File Size : 22,54 MB

Release : 2021-05-19

Category : Business & Economics

ISBN : 1513577603

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Book Description

Urgent steps are needed to arrest the rising human toll and economic strain from the COVID-19 pandemic that are exacerbating already-diverging recoveries. Pandemic policy is also economic policy as there is no durable end to the economic crisis without an end to the health crisis. Building on existing initiatives, this paper proposes pragmatic actions at the national and multilateral level to expeditiously defeat the pandemic. The proposal targets: (1) vaccinating at least 40 percent of the population in all countries by the end of 2021 and at least 60 percent by the first half of 2022, (2) tracking and insuring against downside risks, and (3) ensuring widespread testing and tracing, maintaining adequate stocks of therapeutics, and enforcing public health measures in places where vaccine coverage is low. The benefits of such measures at about $9 trillion far outweigh the costs which are estimated to be around $50 billion—of which $35 billion should be paid by grants from donors and the residual by national governments potentially with the support of concessional financing from bilateral and multilateral agencies. The grant funding gap identified by the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator amounts to about $22 billion, which the G20 recognizes as important to address. This leaves an estimated $13 billion in additional grant contributions needed to finance our proposal. Importantly, the strategy requires global cooperation to secure upfront financing, upfront vaccine donations, and at-risk investment to insure against downside risks for the world.



The New Institutional Economics of Corruption

Author : Johann Graf Lambsdorff

Publisher : Routledge

Page : 273 pages

File Size : 22,92 MB

Release : 2004-09-16

Category : Business & Economics

ISBN : 1134316720

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Book Description

This book constitutes a thorough analysis of the phenomenon of corruption, as seen from the perspective of New Institutional Economics - one of the most influential new schools of thought in the social sciences of the past decade.