Edgeworth Price Cycles and Focal Prices


Book Description

Motivated by the apparent discovery of Edgeworth Cycles in many retail gasoline markets, this article extends the theory of Edgeworth Cycles along several key dimensions, including models of fluctuating marginal costs, differentiation, capacity constraints and triopoly. A computational approach to search for Markov perfect equilibria is taken. Edgeworth Cycles are found in equilibrium in many situations, and the shape of the cycles are found to carry information about underlying competitive intensity. Cycles in triopoly exhibit interesting coordination problems such as delayed starts and false starts.




Edgeworth Price Cycles in Retail Gasoline Markets


Book Description

(Cont.) In the third essay, I explore the theoretical conditions that best foster price cycles and how those conditions affect the character of the cycles themselves. Using computational techniques, I search for Markov Perfect Equilibria under several models of duopoly and triopoly and for various model-specific parameter values. I consider degrees of differentiation, capacity constraints, sharing rules, discount factors and initial beliefs about price leading behavior. I find Edgeworth price cycles with interesting characteristics under many conditions and focal prices under others.




Edgeworth Cycles and Focal Prices


Book Description

Motivated by the discovery of apparent Edgeworth Cycles in many retail gasoline markets, this paper extends the Maskin & Tirole [1988] theory of Edgeworth Cycles to a wide range of more complicated and realistic settings. Taking a computational approach to search for Markov Perfect Equilibria, I examine models involving duopoly and triopoly, differentiation, capacity constraints, and different sharing rules, discount factors and initial beliefs about price leading behavior. I find Edgeworth Cycles in equilibrium in many scenarios outside the homogenous-good Bertrand mold. Cycle characteristics and average markups depend on the scenario.




Edgeworth Price Cycles and Intertemporal Price Discrimination


Book Description

In a retail gasoline market exhibiting Edgeworth Price Cycles, prices change asymmetrically with many small decreases interrupted by occasional large increases. The result is a de facto menu of prices from which consumers can choose based on exactly when they buy. This article introduces four classes of purchase timing strategies designed to systematically shift consumer purchases towards the cycle troughs. It shows in the study market of Toronto, Canada, the monetary gains to consumers from optimized timing strategies are as high as 3.9%. Markups earned from these consumers fall up to 82%. In spite of the gains from timing strategies, surprisingly few consumers use them. Evidence is presented that a main reason is that consumers are not well informed about the cycles. Policy implications are discussed.




Edgeworth Cycles Revisited


Book Description

Some gasoline markets exhibit remarkable price cycles, where price spikes are followed by a string of small price declines until the next price spike. This pattern is predicted from a model of competition driven by Edgeworth cycles, as described by Maskin and Tirole. We extend the Maskin and Tirole model and empirically test its predictions with a new dataset of daily station-level prices in 115 US cities. One innovation is that we also examine cycling within cities, which allows controls for city fixed effects. Consistent with the theory, and often in contrast with previous empirical work, we find that the least and most concentrated markets are much less likely to exhibit cycling behavior; and the areas with more independent retailers that have convenience stores are more likely to cycle. We also find that the average gasoline prices are relatively unrelated to cycling behavior.




Handbook on the Economics of Retailing and Distribution


Book Description

This Handbook explores and critically examines current research in economics and marketing science on key issues in retailing and distribution. Providing a rich perspective for the discussion of public policy, contributions from several disciplines and continents range from the history of chains and the impact of multinational retailers on international trade patterns to US merger policy in the retail context, the rise of the Internet, and consumer-to-consumer sales. The chapters address methodological issues such as the structural estimation of entry games between retailers, productivity measurement when both inputs and output are not fully observable, and demand estimation with variable assortment. Policy issues explored include mergers, zoning, and the regulation of buyer power, while other chapters address some of the recent exciting developments in technology, retail formats, and data availability. The book goes on to study the changes in online retailing and ‘big data’, and to examine competition in specific retail sectors including gasoline stations, automobile dealerships, supermarkets, and ‘big box’ retail. This state-of-the-art Handbook is an essential reference for students and academics of economics and marketing science, and offers an outsider’s perspective to specialists in operations research, data analytics, geography, and sociology.




Edgeworth Cycles with Partial Price Commitment


Book Description

The price commitment model of Maskin and Tirole (1988) provides an extensively cited foundation for Edgeworth cycles. We examine the viability of Edgeworth cycles when price commitment is partial in the sense that a subset of firms are committed to price in each period. If multiple firms are not committed in each period, then the existence of Edgeworth cycle equilibria requires a demanding concavity condition on the profit function. We use this result to motivate a simple timing test for the theory. We apply this test to the market for retail gasoline in Perth in which the timing of price changes is precisely observed. The test suggests that the timing of play is not well matched to the model of price commitment.







Handbook of Game Theory


Book Description

The ability to understand and predict behavior in strategic situations, in which an individual’s success in making choices depends on the choices of others, has been the domain of game theory since the 1950s. Developing the theories at the heart of game theory has resulted in 8 Nobel Prizes and insights that researchers in many fields continue to develop. In Volume 4, top scholars synthesize and analyze mainstream scholarship on games and economic behavior, providing an updated account of developments in game theory since the 2002 publication of Volume 3, which only covers work through the mid 1990s. Focuses on innovation in games and economic behavior Presents coherent summaries of subjects in game theory Makes details about game theory accessible to scholars in fields outside economics




Proceedings of The 6th MAC 2016


Book Description

Proceedings of The 6th MAC 2016 - The 6th Multidisciplinary Academic Conference in Prague 2016.