Education and Early Labour Market Outcomes in Canada


Book Description

In order to estimate the reward to higher education, data drawn from the first three cycles of the older cohort of the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) will be used. [...] The results also indicate that education is inversely related to the probability of being unemployed, and for females, of being inactive in the labour market (that is, not employed nor searching for a job). [...] Apart from a description of the samples, the section also includes a description of variable definitions and the distribution of educational attainment in Canada. [...] The higher attendance rate in Ontario, relative to Atlantic and Western Canada may partly be due to normal high school completion after grade 13 in Ontario compared to grade 12 in Atlantic and Western Canada.4 Considering post-secondary graduates, the entries in Table 1 (as well as throughout the paper) distinguish between high and low levels of PSE. [...] Education and Early Labour Market Outcomes in Canada 7 3.3 Differences between PSE graduates and high school graduates Table 2 provides a profile of post-secondary students in Canada by highlighting differences in selected observable characteristics between post-secondary graduates and high school graduates.5 The gender difference in post-secondary graduation is again shown as males dominate the h.







Labour Markets, Social Institutions, and the Future of Canada's Children


Book Description

The contributors to this book examine two broad themes related to the well-being of Canadian youth. First, they document the nature of the labour market facing young adults and how it has changed since they early 1970s. Second, the autors examine how families, communities, and the public sector influence some of the ways in which children become successful and self-reliant adults. The motivation for bringing these essays together has to do with the increasing importance of child well-being in public discourse and the development of public policy. The major message to emerge is that the future of Canada's children is both a good news, and a bad news story. Labour markets have changed dramatically, and on average it is now more difficult to obtain a strong foothold that will lead to increasing prosperity. Many young Canadians, however, are well prepared by their family and community backgrounds to deal with these new challenges, and as young parents are in a position to pass this heritage on their children. However, this has not been challenges in getting ahead in life. A companion volume published in February of 1998 by Statistics Canada called Government Finances and Generational Equity examines the operation of government taxes and transfers from a generational perspective, focusing on the conduct of fiscal policy and the relative status of individuals in successive generations.




Labour Market Experiences of Youth After Leaving School


Book Description

The goals of this report are threefold: to build on prior work by Hango and de Broucker, which used Cycles 1 through 3 of the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) to study the impact of educational pathway on very early labour market outcomes when youth in the YITS-B cohort were aged 22 to 24; to measure labour market outcomes over time, since labour market assessment is needed over time to help fully explain the transition to employment and careers of Canadian youth; and to examine the link between education and labour market outcomes across the entire educational spectrum. Four main research questions are addressed in this study: do the effects of education on labour market outcomes change over time; does taking time off after high school matter; does returning to school benefit high school leavers; and how do graduates of post-secondary programs compare to each other.--Document.




Fields of Plenty, Fields of Lean


Book Description

"This paper reports the results of an empirical analysis of the early career outcomes of recent Canadian Bachelor's level graduates by discipline based on three waves of the National Graduates Surveys, which comprise large, representative databases of individuals who successfully completed their programmes at Canadian universities in 1982, 1986, and 1990, with information gathered during interviews conducted two and five years after graduation for each group of graduates (1984/87, 1988/92, 1990/95)"--Abstract.







Education, Skills and Labour Market Outcomes


Book Description

This paper examines recent Canadian experience relating to education and skill formation and compares this experience to that in other G-7 and OECD countries. Several linkages are examined: those between educational expenditures and outcomes in the form of educational attainment, student achievement, and the literacy skills of the adult population. The paper also discusses recent Canadian evidence on the relationship between education and economic success, and the linkages among education, literacy skills and labour market earnings.







Impact of Proficiency on Early Entrants to the Labour Market


Book Description

The primary purpose of the report is to explore the impact of PISA reading scores on the early labour market outcomes of young Canadians of the Youth in Transition Survey. This inquiry is complicated by two facts. First, family and school characteristics that are positively correlated with PISA scores are also correlated with labour market success, making it difficult to discover the independent effect of those scores. Second, students with higher PISA scores are much more likely to pursue education beyond high school and scores may operate both directly and indirectly through this channel to influence later outcomes. Among females, there is a positive correlation between PISA scores and future earnings, even after controlling for family background and educational attainment. There is no evidence of such a correlation for males. For both genders, the link between PISA scores and unemployment disappears when controls are added. These weak outcomes may be explained by the fact that sufficient time has not elapsed for the YITS respondents to complete schooling and to integrate into the labour market. (Contains 14 tables and 17 footnotes.) [This research paper was prepared for Human Resources and Skills Development Canada by Torben Drewes of the Trent University Department of Economics.].




How Skills and Parental Valuation of Education Influence Human Capital Acquisition and Early Labor Market Return to Human Capital in Canada


Book Description

Using the Youth in Transition Survey we estimate a Roy model with a three dimensional latent factor structure to consider how parental valuation of education, cognitive skills and non-cognitive skills influence endogenous schooling decisions and subsequent labour market outcomes in Canada. We find the effect of cognitive skills on adult incomes arises by increasing the likelihood of obtaining further education. Further, we find that both non-cognitive skills and parental valuation for education play a larger role in determining income at age 25 than cognitive skills. Last, our analysis uncovers striking differences between men and women in several of the estimated relationships. Specifically, simulations of the estimated model illustrate that i) among the low skilled, women have much higher college graduation rates, ii) the age 25 earnings gradient by either skill measure is much flatter for women, and iii) parental valuation of education plays a larger role in influencing young women than men.