Endangered Species


Book Description




Endangered Species


Book Description




Endangered Species: Past Actions Taken to Assist Columbia River Salmon


Book Description

Federal agencies and regional organizations have taken numerous actions and incurred substantial costs for more than 50 years to maintain and improve salmon runs in the Columbia River Basin. The cost of actions taken, as reported by federal and regional entities, is significant since 1981 over $1.3 billion (adjusted to 1991 dollars) has been spent. Substantial costs were also reported as being incurred prior to 1981, but because the cost data were generally not identified by the year incurred, we could not calculate total costs in 1991 dollars. (Apps. I and II provide a detailed breakdown of reported costs by organization for the post-1981 and pre-1981 time periods, respectively). Actions taken have included the construction and operation of fish hatcheries; the construction of fish ladders and other facilities at Columbia and Snake River dams to assist salmon in their migration to and from the sea; improvements to salmon habitat; and research related to learning more about salmon or to assess and improve salmon runs. Regional efforts intensified following enactment of the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act in 1980, which required that assistance be provided for fish and wildlife resources affected by power-generating facilities at Columbia River Basin dams. The effectiveness of actions taken to maintain and improve salmon runs, according to evaluations performed by a number of federal, state, and regional organizations, indicate that some actions taken have been effective in helping certain types of salmon at specific locations.




Endangered Species


Book Description




Water Resources


Book Description

Columbia River Basin salmon runs were once the world's largest. By 1996, however, returning adult salmon had been greatly reduced in number. This report addresses how well the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is implementing its Columbia River Fish Mitigation program. Provides information on (1) the Corps' decision-making process for identifying, setting priorities for, & funding actions to help the recovery of salmon runs, & (2) whether the Corps has been completing its fish mitigation actions on schedule & within budget. Determines why the Corps had not entered into an agreement with the Bonneville Power Administration for the cost of operating their dams in the Basin. Charts & tables.




Columbia River Basin salmon and steelhead federal agencies' recovery responsibilities, expenditures and actions


Book Description

Columbia River Basin salmon and steelhead populations were once the world's largest. Before 1550, an estimated 16 million salmon and steelhead returned to the basin annually to spawn. Over the past 25 years, however, the number of salmon and steelhead returning to the Columbia River Basin has averaged around 660,000 per year, although annual population levels have varied widely. Various factors have contributed to the long-term decline including over-harvesting, the construction and operation of dams, the degradation of spawning habitat, increased human population, and unfavorable weather and ocean conditions. The population decline has resulted in the listing of 12 salmon and steelhead populations in the basin as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Once a species is listed as threatened or endangered, the ESA requires that efforts be taken to allow the species to recover. The Department of Commerce's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is the lead agency responsible for the recovery of the threatened or endangered populations of Columbia River Basin salmon and steelhead. The recovery of a species entails the development and implementation of a plan for the species' conservation and survival. The ESA also requires other federal agencies to consult with NMFS before they take any action that may jeopardize the continued existence of listed salmon or steelhead populations in the Columbia River Basin. You asked us to (1) identify the roles and responsibilities of the federal agencies involved with the recovery of Columbia River Basin salmon and steelhead, (2) determine how much they have spent collectively on recovery efforts, and (3) determine what recovery actions they have undertaken and what they have accomplished.




A Common Fate


Book Description

Though life on earth is the history of dynamic interactions between living things and their surroundings, certain powerful groups would have us believe that nature exists only for our convenience. One consequence of such thinking is the apparent fate of the Pacific salmon--a key resource and preeminent symbol of America's wildlife--which is today threatened with extinction. Drawing on abundant data from natural science, Pacific coast culture, and a long association with key individuals on all sides of the issue, Joseph Cone's A Common Fate employs a clear narrative voice to tell the human and natural history of an environmental crisis in its final chapter. As inevitable as the November rains, countless millions of wild salmon returned from the ocean to spawn in the streams of their birth. In the wake of an orgy of dam building and habitat destruction, the salmon's majestic abundance has been reduced to a fleeting shadow. Neglect is the word the author uses to describe more recent losses, "by exactly the ones--state and federal fish managers--who should have acted." To signal a new awareness that action is needed, scientists charged with restocking the Columbia River Basin are receiving significant support, while ordinary citizens are beginning to recognize the relationship between cheap power and the absences of chinook, coho, sockeye, and other species from the coasts of Oregon and Washington and from Idaho's Snake River. As desperate as the salmon's future appears, the book is not an elegy for a lost resource. Instead, it bears witness to hope. In addition to concrete plans for the wild salmon's renewal, the reader will hear a growing chorus of informed individuals of differing values and beliefs who recognize that our fate is inextricably bound to the salmon's; for many it is a new understanding.




From the Edge


Book Description




Endangered Species


Book Description